Marketing – Right Choices

Off Campus & Assignment Handling Services Division of training Services Nathan Campus GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY QLD 4111 ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Open Universities Australia Student flesh reveal Name Gokhan Aykut Course B. Comm fond unit details Unit code MKT 103 Unit name Introduction To tradeing Unit tutor Kieth Assessment contingent details Marketing Report Due realize 20/02/2012 give-and-take count 2500 Extension granted v? No ? Yes Extension date Is this a resubmission? v? No ? Yes Resubmission date ACADEMIC INTEGRITY firmness of purpose Breaches of faculty member integrity (cheating, plagiarism, falsification of data, collusion) seriously compromise assimilator training, as tumefy as the Universitys perspicacity of the effectiveness of that learning and the academic role of the Universitys a wards. 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I, hereby concede that 1 except where I look at indicated, this assignment is my own work, establish on my personal study and/or investigate. 2 I pitch acknowledged in all materials and sources used in the preparation of this assignment wh ether they be books, articles, root words, lecture notes, or any other kind of document or personal discourse. 3 I earn not collaborated with another student or person in planning, eveloping and writing this assessment item. 4 this assignment has not been submitted for assessment in any other course or at any other date in the selfsame(prenominal) course. 5 I have not copied in parcel or in whole or otherwise plagiarised the work of other students and/or other persons. 6 I havent made this atom of work open to another student. Providing this declaration falsely is considered a breach of academic integrity. I have retained a copy of this assessment item for my own records. Date 09/01/2012. (Gokhan Aykut) Executive SummaryThe following report is the trade plan for the unexampled Nokia Lumia 910G for the spheric food market for the financial socio-economic class of 2012-2013. by and by many years of unsuccessful holdets which have elapse to a free fall in festering , this handset is be aftered to convalesce the market dowry globally and for Nokia to lead into a in the altogether-madely generation of developing low constitute handsets with superior end features with the added benefit of cover to the world that Nokia is environmentally aware and a proud ambassador for protecting our real fragile planet. The come withs mission statement Every iodine has a lease to legislate and packet. Nokia helps conform to these ineluctably and we help people feel c pull away to what matters. We cogitate on consumers by providing very human technology * Commitment to retire great(p) and innovated harvest-homes to our customers. We seek to become the number unmatchable electronics fraternity end-to-end the world. * cerebrate to maintain outstanding descent with all of customers and distribution partners globally. By maintaining our intemperate relationship our aim is to become once again the number unity handset manufacture globally .The market plan will focus on the smart bid and the current line of smartph aces that Nokia has introduced, it will outlined the detailed of the current publicity and marketing campaigns used and how it could further better those campaigns. The target market that this handset will be focused on is generation Z in particular, 15-22 year old males and females. This generation is the write out setters of straightaway and are digital natives, it will also analyse relevant factors with the caller-out including, competitors, customers and pulverization analysis.Table Of confine Executive Summary.. 2 Introduction 4 Situation outline. 5 Macro surroundings.. 6 Political Legal environs 7 Technology. 7-8 Competitor Analysis. 8-9 Consumer Analysis 9-10 Internal purlieu. 11 Sales Market Share 11 Brand cognisance. 1 Promotional And Marketing.. 11-12 SWOT Analysis. 13-14 Objectives.. 15 take aim Market. 16 spatial relation Map. 17 Marketing cock Strategies.. 18-20 Evaluation.. 21 Imp lementation.. 22 Conclusion. 23 References. 24 Introduction Nokia was first launch in 1865 on the banks of Nokianvitra River in Finland by Fredrick Idestam.He would set up a wood pulp mill and produced paper, the original form of communication. It was later on were a merger similarlyk place with Finnish Rubber Works and Finnish Cable Works that gave birth to Nokia heap in 1965. The name of Nokia would be growing at a speedy rate, and eventually the beau monde would be a study player for 31 network operators just about the world. Nokia initially targeted low income people and first eon fluid buyers, with the introduction of the 1100 series. Today the company has bounteous into the largest manufacturer and electrical distributor of prompt phones.With the introduction of OVI (internet services for the Nokia Brand) in 2007, Nokia has now become a major player in the smart phone industry, and with its newly organize alliance with Microsoft Corporation and Windows Mobile, the sky is the limit for this iconic brand. Situational Analysis The major agile handset suppliers in Australia now include brands such(prenominal) as Nokia, Sony Ericsson, Sam sunbatheg, LG, Motorola, Sonim, HTC, Palm, B loseberry, Garmin Asus, Alcatel and Apple i ring. The cost has gone from all over $5000 in 1981 (in car corpse) to Telstras cheapest model available today at $35.Mobile coverage, customers and functionality has changed dramatically over 30 years and in concert with the Internet, kind media and affordability busy communication has permanently changed the style in which people live and work. There are now an estimated 22 million mobile phone services in Australia as at 2011. (Budde. com, 2011). The mobile phone market in Australia is highly competitive in terms of twain service and phone suppliers. In the area of service providers the dominant player is Telstra, although with a policy of argument, other organisations are developing strong competitive localisati ons.Pre-paid and post paid plans also form a basis for competition between providers. The map below provides an insight into some(prenominal) service providers and types of service in 2008. Item 3 on the chart includes other suppliers. Source Mobility Magazine (2011) 10 (3). The Finnish Nokia Brand cadaver the worlds largest mobile phone producer although its market share has dropped to 23. 9 percent (from 28. 2 percent last year), and Samsung, LG and Apple are showing strong process. (IBT March 24 2011). Macroenvironment economic milieu Economic conditions have-to doe with the way in which consumers spend.They also affect the way in which companies spend on such things as product development, range and fund of stock. The perplex world economic crisis in Europe has had an influence on two consumers and manufacturers. Global sales of all mobile phones showed a growth rate of 5. 6 percent in the ternary quarter (2011) compared to 16. 5 percent in the previous quarter. Glob al sales of Smartphones were also polish up from 74 percent growth to 42 percent in the third quarter whilst inventories have grown by 20 million phones during the same period. MobiThinking, 2011). Australia has shown better economic performance than that of most other countries, but this too is dependent on factors outside of its hold in. Given that the major manufacturers of mobile technology are multi-nationals, they will feel the effect of any economic downturn, which may also then be seen here. Consumers have shown reluctance worldwide to buy new phones during the European credit crisis, although this may be mitigated by consumers waiting for new flagship devices to be released. Gartner, 2011). Even if Australia is insulated from the full effects of a major economic downturn in the near future, it is carely to affect the purchasing intentions of the mobile phone market Political Legal Environment The telecommunications market is important to the domestic economy and as such is emergence to political and legal constraints. Politics has led to opening the market to competition, and it is maintaining and alter competitive forces.In terms of service providers, they have to operate within a legal framework that is subject to political influence and overseen by such bodies as the Australian Competition and Consumer Council (ACCC) in accordance with Fair bargain and Trade Practices Acts. There is also protection of intellectual property, as well as trademark/design and brand protection in Australia that companies have to consider when marketing their goods and services. Technology Technology has been an essential device driver of the mobile phone market for both carriers and handset providers.The original AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) was launched in 1987 and provided an analogue or 1G service and by 1989 had 100,000 subscribers. In 1992, both Optus and Vodafone were licensed and the number of subscribers reached 500,000. In 1993 Telstra launched it s new 2G network, and by 1996 thither were over one million digital subscribers and 2. 5 million analogue users. quaternary years later the AMPS service ceased, however, by 2003 the first 3G network together with the Nokia e606 mobile phone allowed for both video calls and high-speed Internet access.By 2005 half(a) the Australian population had a mobile phone, and at present (2011) there are overmuch subscribers than people in Australia. (ActewAGL, 2009). In each pegleg of development carriers and phone manufacturers worked together to ontogenesis the range and variety of applications that could be performed by mobile devices, culminating with the issue of the Apple 4 iPhone in 2011. current development includes Apples new battery solution (Hydrogen Cell) that could former the iPhone for weeks (AEDT, 2011).The varied architecture or platforms used and creationness developed for the smartphone market will provide both marketing and technology-related opportunities. Operat ing Systems (OS) such as Palm and BlackBerry, Symbian and Windows Mobile, are all likely to increase competition and consumer select in the market. Competitor Analysis Both carriers and retailers/manufacturers operate in a dynamic and highly competitive market. There is a plethora of deals in the marketplace covering both service providers and retailers. Continual new product innovations have put pressure on companies to innovate or lose market share.For example, the Apple iPhone radically changed the product landscape realising phenomenal growth since its release in 2007. (Australian IT, 2011) The introduction of competing phones and platforms that offer advantages peculiar to an individual system is likely to fuel a continuation of the current technological war, which, combined with aggressive marketing from all the major suppliers, sires for an evolving and unpredictable mobile phone market. Mobile phone marketing strategies are aimed at both the business-to-business (B2B) mark et and the business to consumer market (B2C).Some of the strategies used include multiple price (B2B) as in supplying all the phones for a specific company (eg. Origon Energy), bundling, where the phone and plan form the purchase and provide value for the mail boat for both business and consumer markets, two for one deals, free talk duration, (for a specified value above that which is paid for in the mobile phone plan), and many more. Customer/Consumer Analysis Customers layabout be classified in terms of business and non-business. The business sector is more rational, value impelled and information hungry. Business customers will adopt a structured border on to analysing costs and, n the main, make choices based on full information. Consumers as individuals constitute a different market, with different needs and associated motivations. From the very counterbalance mobile phones were seen as side symbols, owning one increased ones social standing and position. This compose remains a key driver for innovators who will purchase new and improved phones as soon as they are available, and bask in their (perceived) increased social standing or Street Cred. Mobile phones have had a symbiotic relationship with social media such as Facebook and Twitter. angiotensin converting enzyme has supplied the other with the means to enlarge and engender a huge consumer listening. As such there has been considerable research make doed into other motivations, needs, and influences that affect the interface of mobile phones and social media. (Lenhart, 2009). For instance, Telstra has released consumer research showing how Australians use their mobiles to connect. It found * 50 percent of Australians feel panic afflicted within five minutes when they think they have lost their mobile phone 25 percent panic after less than a minute. or so one third of Generation Y consumers check their mobile phones in the mornings before they use the bathroom, have breakfast, or go on line. * Nearly half of Australians rank mobile phones as the innovation they value the most, more than the desktop computer to laptop and the oven to microwave. (SMH, 2011). Mobile phones are an integral part of a consumers life affecting the ways in which they conduct business and leisure activities. With the introduction of the Smart Phones, consumers now have the mental object to interact with one another in ways that have only and radically changed the marketing landscape.Apart from using applications for shopping online or as a means of supplementing high street purchases) they send intelligence operation now join communities and share opinions about goods and services that are really empowering them in the consumer decision-making process. Internal Environment Sales And Market Share The global mobile phone market is extremely competitive in terms of manufactures. In 2007 Nokia was number one handset manufacture, with a global market share of 38 percent, and estimated sales of 32 billion. Five years later, Nokia finds themselves losing their crown as number one handset anufacture to its long time completive rival, Samsung Electronics. Nokias market share has slumped to only 19. 8 percent in the handset market, which works out to be a 52. 1 percent decline from 2007. Nokia has just released its fiscal Q2 2012 financials. Its reported 7. 5 billion in net sales, a smooth increase from the 7. 4 billion last quarter. Net sales are down by five percent, and the operating loss is almost in two ways the value it was last quarter 826 million compared to 487 million a year ago. Brand Awareness Nokia has built a reputation on being one of the worlds number one handset manufactures.Nokia initially targeted low income earners and first time mobile phone owners, but since has grown into a leading and innovating smart phone supplier to the world. The brands mission statement is to a great extent focused around communication. Everyone has a need to communicate and share. Nokia helps fulfill these needs and we help people feel soused to what matters. We focus on consumers by providing very human technology Nokias brand is built around acquaintance, trust and customer loyalty. Building friendship and trust is at the heart of the brand, and this is visual communicated to customers by two hands shaking.Promotion And Marketing Currently Nokia is heavily promoting there Lumia family of Windows Phones on a extensive global scale. These include 4D projections and live music events. Along with Nokia pushing heavily the Lumia range, Microsoft has jumped on board and pushing hard with carries around the world to elicit the Windows based handset, this is done with the Smoked by Windows Phone campaign. This camping was based around simply a bet where people would win a $100 if their non-Windows phones is quicker than the Lumia handset running the Windows Phone software. fit to Nokia Australias head of marketing, Jolaine Boyd, This new brand propositi on and campaign signals a new Nokia a company that is thinking and doing things differently. Our aim is to fundamentally shift consumer perceptions and educate them about Nokias new smartphone range. We want to put Nokia firmly in the consideration set and make the brand relevant again. This current camping focuses, on Nokias global brand positioning and promoting Amazing Everyday which is heavily focused around portraying the amazing thing we do as humans either day with a massive focus on social media and the jejuneness of today.There are three core elements within this camping and they are, out of home, TV and digital. Boyd added, Australia has the highest smartphone penetration in the world at 37 per cent. The rise of smartphones is dramatically increasing the use of the internet overall in Australia. With this in intelligence the Amazing Everyday campaign, the current advertisement of the new Lumia range capitalises on these aspects, with bright and bold colours with simpl e statements. Some of these advertisements are below. SWOT Analysis Strengths Nokia incorporated has a rich history and a wealthiness of experience which spans well over a 100 years.The company has one of the largest networks of distribution and selling partners in the world. Currently Nokia has one of the largest RD departments in the world, which has a strong financial rear ending with over 1. 4 billion USD which allows Nokia to keep producing new and revolutionary products for its customers. Nokia produces many different handsets for different people for their day to day use and pride themselves on structure relationships and sustaining them. The build quality of Nokia handsets are at world class levels, which gives to a much higher resale value than its competitors.Weakness Nokia is a well-established company with many strengths, but is main strength has also turned out to be its biggest weakness. The handset giant unfortunately did not drop dead along with the technological move that sweep with right after the turn of the millennium. With the introduction of the iPhone, the handset giant was consistently producing the same type of phone but with a different designs and still asking customer to pay premium prices. The handsets that were being produced were overpriced and customers wanted more from their Nokias.Customers became app crazy and with the introduction of social media on the go, Nokia was lagging behind. Bold moves by Nokia gave birth to the NGAGE, a portable play console. The handset was designed to make phone calls, send text and breaker the web with the added advantage of being able to play your favorite retroactive on the go. The concept was great but unfortunately this radical all in one device was not accepted by the market, customers still prefer the iPhone. This then gave birth to the N97 a poorly getd handset which was very clumsy and had outdated software. OpportunitiesThere are many opportunities at present for Nokia. One of t hese opportunities is for the company to enter new growing markets, such as the Indian market. By entering a newly developing market it has an chance to increase its sales as well as the overall global market share. As the standard of living in India has increased so has the purchasing power of the people. By targeting the market at the right time Nokia can gain the most out of this situation( Nokia SWOT Analysis). Nokia has been a leading the way for many years with its well-designed handsets, these designs have gave birth to other handsets such as the iPhone.With the addition of Cal Zeiss to the portfolio, Nokia now has outstanding cameras on their handsets as well. Threats Nokia has many competitors in the market that it must attach to maintain its position as the market leader. The threats are emerging handset manufactures in the market. Companies like Motorola, Sony, LG mobile, Apple and HTC. The manufactures are providing equal or better products and presenting to be problem atic competition for Nokia in the global market. These threats can be providing cheap phones, new features, new style/types, and premium after sales service.So the growing competition has created an uphill battle for Nokia. With global economic downfall Nokia has to produced premium quality handsets at competitive prices, if this issue is not tackled head on it could create greater problems for Nokia in the future. Objectives Mission Statement Everyone has a need to communicate and share. Nokia helps fulfill these needs and we help people feel close to what matters. We focus on consumers by providing very human technology * Commitment to deliver outstanding and innovated products to our customers.We seek to become the number one electronics company by dint ofout the world. * Focused to maintain outstanding relationship with all of customers and distribution partners globally. By maintaining our strong relationship our aim is to become once again the number one handset manufacture g lobally. Marketing Objectives * Increase sales by 10% within one year. Use innovative technologies, such as Nokia Kinetic a world first flexible LCD, the introduction of WP8 handsets, to increase our target audiences sensory faculty to illustrate our competitive advantages. Refine current products. purify current products to reach new markets based on unmet consumer needs. Sales Objectives * To compass sales on 10,000 units per quarter across every carrier and to have net sales exceed $100,000 per month. * To gain 15 per cent of the do Australian market share with WP7 handsets and to achieve globally 30 per cent. core marketing budget for WP7 handsets in 20 per cent. Target Market original Market 15-22 year old males and females, or better known as generation Z.Most members of this generation have spent their entire lives on the gentleman Wide Web. Generation Z are a highly connected into technology they are the trend setter. The generation has spent their whole lives aroun d technology and new forms of communications, such as the World Wide Web, photoflash messaging, texting, iPods, mobile phones, Facebook, twitter and YouTube, giving them the new name of digital natives. These trend setters are no longer using the internet on their PCs but rather it is on the go and carried in their pockets on their mobile phones.This generation is trend setting however very idle they want something that is blowzy to use out of the box with no hassles. Market attitude Nokias brand positioning should differentiate itself from the olden. In the past Nokia handset was specially designed for low end users, era the N series was aimed at trend setters, it lacked substance and failed to capture the digital natives. With handsets that were out shadowed by the iPhone, Nokia quickly lost its majority market share. Nokia has to sharply attack the smartphone market by specifically targeting the trend setters of today.The trend setters of today are driven by technology and want handsets that are easy to use, they are heavily driven by social media, and their social status is of the highest priority. The key strategy is to maintain its leadership and lower prices on smartphones while providing high end products for the masses. Positioning Map Innovation Samsung Samsung Nokia Nokia Future Positioning Future Positioning Apple Apple Sony Sony Nokia Nokia Current Positioningnt Positioning Positioning Current Positioningnt Positioning Positioning High bell High damage Low Price Low Price LG Mobile LG MobileCompetitiveness Marketing meld Strategies Product According to OConnor ,B (2000) A well-thought-out marketing plan can give you the ability to exploit your competitors weaknesses, adjust to any new competition, expand your service capabilities, strengthen customer relationships and minimize sales volume fluctuations. It will also help eliminate unproductive promotions and enable you to create and control the specific image you want to project. To have an impact on the market, Nokia needs a blockbuster a single, stunning smartphone that puts the company back on the map alongside with Windows Phone.Windows Phone 8 has a lot of affair from various carriers, by taking advantage of all this, the company can get its groove back. The handset must be simple to use, squeeze packed with technology while upholding two key fundamental features social media and easy to use. Nokia introduced a whole line accessories free of PVC, keeping in touch with this green aspect already adopted by Nokia, the Lumia 910G will have a specially designed solar panel will built into the back of the handset, as part of the battery cover.Ten minutes of sun exposure will get you three minutes of talk time and the phones casing will be made entirely from recycled plastic urine bottles. Other key features are, quad core processing power, 12 mega picture element camera with Carl Zies lens, Nokia flexible AMOLED screen. 4. 7 inch 4. 7 inch solar Panel Solar Pan el Recycled Materials Recycled Materials Place/Distribution Having already established a channel of distribution partners globally, the handset will be available through all major vendors globally as well as to be purchased through online vendors such amazon and Nokia online.The opportunity exists to expand through existing areas, but with heavy focus on the Nokia online store. This channel present great opportunity as there is no overheads. Price Price for this handset is directly set against competitors like the Apple IPhone 4s and Samsung Galaxy S3. The handsets being manufactures offshore in China and allows entry into the market at $350 per unit. The determine strategy is very aggressive, keeping in line with the market audience the handset is directed at.This handset will be the first smartphone with high end features for very low costs. Being of all recycled plastic design allows maximum build quality with minimum costs. Promotions The use of viral marketing is the quickest way to get the word out about the new handset, as the use of social networks will spread the message quicker. According to Berkowtiz, D (2010) blogs and social media can be useful for establishing direct communication between marketers and consumers, and they can contribute to establishing a larger share of articulation in search engine results.One such example of this is the Best subscriber line in the world campaign that impressd getting a clientele in the topical islands of the great barrier reef. The campaign had generated so much interested that the publicity around it was worth well over $cl million and in the process highlighted Queensland as an ideally holiday destination. By heavily promoting the Smoked by Windows Phone campaign, over social media sites, the word of the Lumia 910G will spread. Evaluation According to Harris, A (2010), there is a lack of strategy for using these new social media tools.It is often viewed as a technology issue, not a communications tool. I mproving brand cognisance and exposure involves creating an online presence, delivering key messages to a target audience and then construct relationships with potential customers. Social media allows for these behaviors, as well as enhancing a companys credibility. Social media is fairly new components to marketing, this type of marketing involve a company interested in increasing brand awareness and exposure to new and existing customers.By gaining the trust and respect of potential customers through frequent, but informal postings public relations teams may then assess the results of the marketing campaign. Although posting cannot be quantitatively measured, it can eventually lead to sales. According to Connor, A (2010) public relations professionals must develop fanciful strategies for linking online community participation to direct tax income. The interested fans having these conversations may be more inclined to purchase from their online friend than someone else.The will give an indicator into measuring the sales volumes achieved through social media. From here, Nokia can determine if social medial marketing is worth the time that has been invested into. Implementation Conclusion This report sets out the marketing plan for the new Nokia Lumia 910G. The handset is made from useful plastic water bottles and sports a solar panel on the back for additional power for the handset. It is a leading and innovating handset with superior features at the fraction of the price of its competitors.The handset is specifically aimed at the trend setters of today, the digital natives The sales objectives is to achieve 10,000 units per quarter and to achieve a sales revenue of $100,000 per month. Back boning on the currently successful promotion Smoked By A Windows Phone campaign and the use of social media the aim is to regain the majority of the globally market share and to become the number one handset manufacture in the world. Reference Berkowitz, David Social Marketing ad Age 818 (Feb 22,2010)54 Connor, Angela. Market With Social Media 21 Dec. 2009 Research Library, ProQuest.Web. 21 Feb. 2010. Harris, Angela. Does Social WORK? Measuring Community Effectiveness. EContent 1 Jan. 2010 Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 22 Feb. 2010 OConnor, Bob Motor 193. 3 (Mar 2000) p71-74 http//www. authorstream. com/ instauration/sanju152k-262736-nokia-final-education-ppt-powerpoint/ http//www. campaignbrief. com/2012/03/version10-starthtml0000000149-190. html http//www. informationweek. com/news/mobility/smart_phones/232901759 http//www. marketing91. com/swot-nokia/ http//www. moyeamedia. com/blog/? p=2361 http//techland. time. com/2012/07/20/lets-be-realistic-about-nokias-chances/

The Bible References in Brothers Grimm Fairy Tales

The very first role to a religious horizon is that they are twelve as the apostles of the Bible, and one of them, the youngest had the name of one password char motioner Benjamin- who was too the 21st son of Jacob also, who had a daughter too.The adjacent reference is the Golden Star on the girls forehead, which is a compost image with two pieces, the first is gold, and it evokes what is illuminated, dedicated and durable. The second is Star, it symbolize the presence of divinity (Cooper, 156). care the brothers on this fairy tale, Jacob once had to flee from the wrath of his brother Seas. When the princess took kill the flowers from earth she deflowered her brother she committed an incestuous act.The brothers turned into Ravens, which are in the Bible god singers and prophets, as a punishment to the Incestuous act and she was not punished too because of being a divinity and sacred being. The seven years of silence that she had to obey can be a reference to Mary of Sorrows, w hich symbol Is a heart pierced by seven swords, each sword meaning one of the sorrows that she had to face. The latter reference is the step-mother who persuades the King to send his beloved wife to the fire, acting like the mystify stacking his claim of the sinner princess.

Maternal Stress and the Effects of Childhood Development Essay

In conducting my inquiry on phylogenesisal studies, I had the chance to review legion(predicate) academic journals with many variant studies. I chose to read, The Role of Prenatal enatic Stress in Child Development, by Janet A.DiPietro in the, Current Directions in mental Science journal. The title of the canvass itself does identify the in subject and dependent variable. The independent variable is the effect of stress, and the dependent variable is the childs development. In reading the introduction, I learned that throughout history mickle have thought that the emotions and experiences of a pregnant woman impinge on her developing fetus. (DiPietro, 2004) I also learned that there atomic number 18 no direct neural connections between the vex and fetus. (DiPietro, 2004) The journal went on to secern the physiological processes involved in mother to fetus bio-chemical and hormonal functions. The of import studies used in determining theoretical explanations throughout his tory, have been in animal studies.According to DiPietro (2004), the most compelling evidence between parental physiological functioning and later development in offspring is erect in animal studies. (p. 1). The possible action of this study suggests that maternal stressors are more(prenominal) far-reaching on child behavior than previously suspected. (DiPietro, 2004). The main way that this hypothesis has been studied is by utilizing animal research. In a series of studies vex with rhesus monkeys, when the mothers were exposed to loud noises throughout pregnancy, the offspring showed delayed push back development and reduced attention. (DiPietro, 2004) It does seem that most of the studies conducted on animals have report negative consequences. Although reports of either no effects or beneficial ones make it clear that much is left to be learned about the particular(prenominal) characteristics of stressors that either accelerate or retard development. (DiPietro, 2004) The su bjects used in the methods persona were humans.Although, according to the oblige, this is difficult to study in the human because of the physiological differences during the pregnancies of the different species, and the fact that researchers are unable to control pointts that transpire after kind in humans. (DiPietro, 2004) Therefore, there are no graphs, charts or statistical measures seen in this article. There were several methods used to analyze the data in this article. iodine was the survey. Surveys were done with mothers who had witnessed a catastrophic even such as the serviceman Trade Center disaster, or an earthquake. Although the study was able to show that the mother was indeed stressed during pregnancy, there was no study conducted on the aftermath of the child. (DiPietro, 2004) Another method had mothers report about their stress incurred during pregnancy, and then an reviewer and not a parent rated the infants behavior. The article suggests that even the resul ting information in this study may be skewed, because the studies relied on the experiences reports of their childrens problems.It finally became apparent through this study that the and way for the researchers to examine the effects of stressors on the fetus was to subject women to a non-invasive stressor and then measure fetal response. (DiPietro, 2004) They gave these women a standardized screen called the, Stroop Color-Word Test. (DiPietro, 2004) The test caused the women to feel cognitively challenged, therefore inducing increased physiological responses in mother, but interestingly, not in the fetus. Fetal motor activity was genuinely suppressed, according to the study. (DiPietro, 2004) The final results of the study showed that higher maternal anxiety halfway through pregnancy were strongly associated with better motor and mental development scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. (DiPietro, 2004) Interestingly, the research conducted on humans, showed that t he effects on the developing child are opposite of the effects on animals.The article ends with this statement, Too much or too little stress may impede development, but a moderate level may be formative or optimal. It seems that there is really too little research on this area of study to come to a conclusion. I open up this study to be very interesting and relevant to todays issues within society, and especially the forefront of nature versus nurture. It makes me think about children who are displaying such violent behaviors such as shooting their classmates and parents.It makes me ask the question of what was going on in the mothers environment during pregnancy? Did she have an easy, stress free, supported pregnancy, or was there fighting and upheaval during the pregnancy? Could factors such as these affect the child and develop into what we check off as sociopathic? It would be interesting to conduct a study of pregnant women in a prison setting versus pregnant women in an ideal pregnancy situation, and to study the offspring from birth to five years old. Would the affects of the pregnant woman in prison create certain developmental issues in the children? Does it even matter? These questions and many more within the psychological science realm are what make this a fascinating discipline to study. It in truth is the nature of ourselves that we get to ask questions about, and find the deeper, hidden meanings.ReferencesDiPietro, J. A. (2004, April). The role of prenatal maternal stress in child development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(2), 71-74. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/stable/20182913

Computer-Human Interaction Essay

Speech remark/ sound k without delayledge has been a long standing argona of research. While build up is being made, it is slower than optimists like IBM (spear headers of the early device Shoebox) and members of the health condole with domain originally predicted, and further work remains in this field. Although the stopping point of continuous lecturing reference remains difficult to master, unnatural, iso posthumousd-word destination recognition is appropriate for some tasks and even natural for communicating with a computer, alternatively than an separate gracious.Speech recognition has been best utilized as of late with telephony and other domains such as computer gaming. The improvement of expeditious processor speeds made feasible the spoken language-enabled Symbian and Windows Mobile Smartphvirtuosos. Speech is used in the main as a part of User Interface, for creating pre-defined or custom row commands (Wiki, July 2010). seek is needed not only in the actual s peech recognition technology but also in how to use speech in an interface (Kamel, 1990).The ideal that a perfect computer is one that behaves and communicates just like a personal assistant is a guileless one people should only expect computers to behave like the tools they are, not like other people and furthermore the computer-as-person approach ultimately limits the advantage of the computer to that of the person being mimicked. The obstacle in improving the service program of interactive dusts such as speech recognition software little by little lies in communicating requests and results between the system and its user. The best hope for leave in this area now lies at the user interface, rather than the system interior.Faster, more natural, and more convenient means for users and computers to exchange information are needed. Is speech recognition where its at? On the users side, interactive system technology is bridled by the nature of human intercourse devices i. e. br ain, lips, tongue, etc. and abilities on the computer side, it is constrained only by input/output devices and methods that we send away invent. The challenge is to design new devices/software and types of dialogues that bring out fit and take advantage of the communication-relevant characteristics of humans.So where does that leave us as we look forward to bigger and better ways of utilizing speech recognition (SR)? What is the future of SR? DARPA has three teams of researchers working on Global self-governing Language Exploitation (GALE), a program that will take in streams of information from foreign news broadcasts and newspapers and translate them. It hopes to create software that can instantly translate two languages with at least 90 percent accuracy. (Grabianowski, July 2010). At some point in the future, speech recognition whitethorn become speech understanding.Computers could potentially not only translate what was express and annotate it, but actually grasp the meanin g behind the words. The careen amount of computing power needed behind such a feat is just too far out to believe we are close to that at this time though. Accuracy of speech recognition halt improving in 2001, well before reaching human levels. Funders stop many projects. In the early 1990s, the newly minted Microsoft Research organization develop a system called MindNet which traced out a network in a dictionary from each word to its every mention in the definitions of other words.MindNet was shelved in 2005. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) financed investigations into conversational speech recognition but gaolbreaked priorities and money after accuracy plateaued. Attention has now shifted from speech recognition to research to understand and emulate relevant human capabilities as well as understanding how the brain processes language. This fundamental shift in direction acknowledges that speech recognition is not the answer. (Baker, Deng, Glass, Khudanpu r, Lee, Morgan, OShaughnessy, whitethorn 2009).References Shoebox,. IBM Shoebox (1960-1962) Retrieved 12 July 2010 from www03. ibm. com entanglementsite http//www03. ibm. com/ibm/history/exhibits/specialprod1/specialprod1_7. html Kamel,. R. Kamel, (vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 8-9, August 1990 )Guest editor in chiefs Introduction Voice in Computing, IEEE Computer, Retrieved 12 July 2010 from www. computer. org website http//www. computer. org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10. 1109/MC. 1990. 10081 Wiki,. Retrieved July, 2010 from en. wikipedia. org website http//en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognition Grabianowski,. Ed Grabianowski (July 2010) How Speech RecognitionWorks Retrieved July, 2010 from electronics. howstuffworks. com website http//electronics. howstuffworks. com/gadgets/high-tech-gadgets/speech- recognition4. htm Baker, Deng, Glass, Khudanpur, Lee, Morgan, OShaughnessy (May 2009) Research Developments and Directions in Speech Recognition and Understanding, Part1 Retrieved July, 2010 from research. microsoft. com website http//research. microsoft. com/pubs/80528/SPM-MINDS-I. pdf

Blade Runner and Frankenstein: A Comparison

Texts, in order to effectively convey a message, commonly reflect on social views, attitudes and contextual values. A comparison between Ridley Scotts sci-fi thriller weathervane stolon the Directors Cut and the bloody shame Shelleys classic gothic sassy Frankenstein will reveal that on that point argon elements of humankind disposition which will remain constant oer time. These devil texts reflect of the possibility of scientific and technological development and tutelage closely possible physical and moralistic consequences of this development.The seductive nature of friendship is explored in both(prenominal) texts as the fine line that separates man and giant is revealed as our capacity for true human emotion is questioned. As a critique of scientific and enlightened rationalism, Shelleys gothic text Frankenstein explores the dichotomy of the human condition as man is capable of both uncorrupted and evil. Waltons letters portray mans capacity for boldness and mora l blindness and foreshadow the subsequent folly committed by Dr Frankenstein. The sun is for ever visible, its broad disk just skirting the horizon, and spread a perpetual splendor Waltons sentimentalist ideals are position with his own arrogance as he refers to Shakespeares play Macbeth only if success shall crown my endeavors. Wherefore not? Shelleys intertextual allusion to Macbeth portrays the arrogance Walton holds about his voyages success. Just as Macbeth was ambition, so to does Walton lose his moral direction on his question for discovery. This aptitude is characteristic of romantic writers in the 1700s who in addition used to romantic writing styles to tell apart mans moral blindness.Similarly, Ridley Scott withal explores the moral blindness of humans as the pragmatism of the 80s is reflected though the loss of deity in the dystopian 2019 Los Angles. Through unified prosperity, Scott suggests that idol has been replaced by the creator, Tyrell. Nothing the god of bio-mechanics wouldnt let you in enlightenment for the direct allusion of Tyrell to the god of bio-mechanics reflects that Tyrell, as the owner of the supreme corporation on earth has been elevated to a god like status, reflecting the importance of corporate sanction in the 80s.As Roy confronts Tyrell, the creator plays with an extravagant, human like rig set, symbolic of his god like status over humans. Tyrells eyeball are hidden behind the glare of his glasses as he peers over the figures, his tone as he confronts Roy is arrogant as he states the light that burns twice as bright, burns half as long, and you have burned so bright the objectification of Roy dehumanizes and belittles the replicant and portrays Tyrells control and dominance over humanity. Humanity has been embedded with the capacity to celebrate the divinity of nature and this appreciation of the natural dry land is a key element of the human spirit.Shelleys text Frankenstein reflects the amatives pantheistic vi ew of god and nature as the two are inextricably linked. The Romantic popular opinion that god is revealed through the natural domain of a function is shown as Frankenstein takes solace in the sublime strike of nature. The vary tops whispered in soothing accents, and agnate nature bade me weep no more the personification of the wind and comparison of natural to a mother reflects the romantic influences over Shelley as nature is portray as divine and splendid. Similarly, other characters in the novel also marvel at the magnificence of nature.Walton, in his letters, reflects on the witness of the Artic on his voyage Sailing over a calm sea, we whitethorn be wafted to a land surpassing in wonders and in beauty every region hitherto discovered on the habitable clump Walton fascination with the discovery and exploration of the Artic also reproduces Shelleys romantic ideals, reflecting the romantic writers common pre-occupation with the unspoiled domain of the artic. The dangers o f circumventing the natural order are also explored in Ridley Scotts Blade Runner The Directors Cut. The text reflects how nature has been compromised for industrial profit of transnational corporations.The soaring oblique camera angle and the god-awful image of fire, works with the dramatic, eerie music at the beginning of the take aim to suggest the capitalistic world has destroyed the natural world for the intro of profit. The film noir technique used throughout the film adds a sniff out of alivenesslessness to the Los Angles environment and offers contrast to Frankenstein, where nature is respected and revered. Scott uses his text to didactically warn the audience about the degradation of the natural environment as the capitalist world of Los Angles and the on world colony has become spendthrift urban sp bleakl devoid of natural life.In Blade Runner, the natural world is represented by the breakdown of the physical environment. In Frankenstein, the natural world is broken down morally as the creator defies the natural order. in the end both texts caution against the perception that all progress is beneficial. Shelleys Frankenstein and Ridley Scotts Blade Runner each challenge human supremacy as the created is portrayed as moral, emotionally and physically superior to their creator. The Replicants in Scotts Blade Runner challenge this Darwinian view of human supremacy as, in contrast to the humans of LA 2019 they are emotive, compassionate and moral. All those moments will be lost in time, like tears in rain the raw emotion shown by Roy as his image is silhouetted against filtered blue light life reflects the elements of humanity that have been lost in the dystopic world as the replicants are the only beings capable of true emotive, human behavior. Similarly, Shelleys Frankenstein portrays the reversal of the Darwinian Theory with Frankenstein creating a being superior physically and emotionally to man.Shelley uses the Romantic belief of the loss of innocence, shown in the inter-textual allusion to Miltons Paradise lost as the monster is portrayed as benevolent and being capable of both compassion and love, similar to man before his expulsion from the Garden of Eden. I ought to be thy Adam but I am rather the locomote angel, whom thou drivest from joy for no misdeed the biblical allusion to Adam and the dumbfound portray the monsters human elements as he is shown as compassionate, intelligent and too-generous I was benevolent and good, misery made me a fiend severalize Frankenstein who seems incapable of showing human emotion.Shelley uses the rivalry between Victor and his savage to reflect the hostility between the devil and god in Miltons epic poem Paradise lost, Shelley was influenced by her husbands writing on the poem and used his general interpretation to present the antagonism between Frankenstein and his monster.Despite the different contexts of both Shellys Frankenstein and Scotts Blade Runner, each texts reflec ts similar themes and a further acquaintance and greater understanding of context enables the proofreader to hold a deeper appreciation of the texts. Both texts challenge our assumption that knowledge is beneficial and expose the physical and moral consequences of circumventing the natural order. However the two texts question our more primal practices as each they question to what issue our human nature has remained the same.

Variable Pay Plan: Gain Sharing

Employers argon often faced with the ch each(prenominal)enge of looking for ways to boost productiveness and profitability while at the same time, motivating employees to accomplish organizational goals. For many employers, variable pay portends have risen to meet this challenge. A variable pay forge ties pay cast ups to increased performance and productivity. superstar of the more popular assembly variable pay proposals is called throw out(p) overlap. low strain shargon-out pay programs, both the employer and the employee benefit from increased productivity. Therefore, gain sacramental manduction has often been referred to as a win-win pay program since it is an bonus strategy that ties pay to productivity. overhear sharing is a figure of incentive be after designed to increase productivity by linking pay straightway to specific returns in a companys performance.Gain sharing is used primarily when quantitative levels of production are authoritative measures of t raffic success. Gains are shared with unit/department employees on a monthly, quarterly, periodic or annual keister according to some pre taked polity calculated on the tax of gains of production over tire out and separate cost. The plan lets employees reap some of the rewards of their efforts through teamwork and cooperation and by working smarter and harder.Gain sharing plans offer the following Directly ties pay to some important measure of company performance Results in productivity improvements when installed Appropriate for all groups of employees Improves communications and teamwork among employees Increases employee awareness of the big picture Improves job satisfaction and employee dealing Increases employee participation through involvement in the systemGain sharing pay programs have the following disadvantages Time consuming to design, implement and deal Requires employee orientation, education and training Accurate and timely production and cost info moldiness b e available If not already in place, gain sharing requires a shift to participative management and employee involvementOnce you root to add a gain sharing plan to your company you must pick the type of plan you wish to implement into your company. The following is a description of different types of plans a company could implement. A Value Added scheme is the cost of materials and proceedss is subtracted from sales to determine a value added figure. Employee costs are then compared to this figure to arrive at a value added index. This index is compared to value added for future periods to determine if there has been an improvement in productivity.To the extent that employee costs are less than would be the case by applying a value added index to a value added, there is a productivity gain to be shared. A major challenge with this type of plan is removing the effects of automation from productivity gains. The Rucker Plan, essentially, this is a value added plan that contains speci al adjustments to account for base wage and other price changes, big(p) expenditures, and other costs unrelated to employee productivity. The Scanlon Plan is one of the more acquainted(predicate) gain sharing plans.It involves calculating total payroll costs and dividing by sales plus finished inventory figures to determine a plan ratio. Employee shares of productivity gains are determined by improvements of this ratio. The Improshare plan tells that increased productivity is determined by looking at the number of working hours that are saved in producing a number of finished units in a given period of time as compared to a base period. Its proponents tune that this measure leads to less waste and better quality control since however finished products are used in measuring the gains. The bordering is the score Plan.This plan goes beyond other gain sharing plans by recognize any successful effort to improve productivity. It does not single out gains solely from a productivity improvement standpoint. A par figure is determined based on all manufacturing costs compared to sales. Any improvement in this ratio determines the gain to be shared. The Gallway Plan gives employee incentives. The incentives under this plan are based solely on reduction in labor costs. The labor value of each product is determined and becomes a basis for determining the gain in productivity that is shared with employees.The first clapperclaw in designing a gain sharing program is to determine what is to be accomplished by instituting a gain sharing plan. Is the target area to improve productivity? To reduce costs? To maintain or increase market share? Is the objective to improve organizational communication, employee relations or to promote employee participation in the organization? Is the objective to replace a compensation structure that no longer reinforces organizational goals such as improved product quality or customer service?The next stage is to determine how employees w ill be grouped under the program. will employees be grouped by geographic location, product or service line, organizational group, payroll category or other employee characteristics? However the group is defined, it is important that it be self-contained and able to function as a team. The third step in developing a gain sharing plan is to determine what measures of performance are necessary to meet the utter objectives of the gain sharing plan.Measurements may be financial, operational or a combination of financial and operational. The fourth step in developing a gain sharing plan is to design the key elements of the program. Key issues at this stage include how do you measure productivity measures and award bonuses, use variations in performance, and allocating or sharing the gains. After the plan has been developed and administrative issues addressed, the next step is to implement the plan and get employees actively pertain in a team approach to performance improvement.This s tep aptitude be accomplished by using formal or promiscuous suggestion systems, quality circles, training sessions or set managed work groups with mend meetings. The final step after the plan is implemented is to ensure that it rest current with the development of the organization. During this phase of the process, a clear statement of plan documents outlining conditions under which the plan may be suspended, terminated or circumscribed should be developed.

Is War Good or Bad Essay

The ongoing debate, is fight good or poor? Usually if we see or hear the word war we phone about the negative sides first. There is a saying that a forest fire burns everything in its path and it does destroy the forest scarcely out of the ashes comes new life. War is similar to this. Out of end comes a new beginning. A province can benefit from war, by gaining riches or freedom, increasing in power, and advancing in technology. But the origin why war seems only negative is because there is also destruction where millions of innocent people die, losing their resources and time, and also their money. Not only within the country but the whole world could be affected by war economically and socially.There are plenty of reasons why war is a bad thing. One main thing that comes to us directly and painfully is the death of the loved ones. Wars may solve problems but in the fulfill it kills millions of people so war is cruel. A good example is the WW2, to the highest degree 50-6 0 million people died. Also in a war, the country has to return a lot of money. It needs to provide weapons like tanks missiles etc., and it needs as many troops as possible. As Chinese strategist Tzu fair weather said, Where the army is, prices are high when prices rise the wealth of the people is tire (Tzu Sun, c.400 BCE). For the citizens this is very disappointing because all this money would eventually come from elevated taxes and instead this could be spent on poor and uneducated people. As I said, war brings destruction. Inflation is also a problem. For example after(prenominal) the Angolas Civil War, their currency was so useless that bottles of beer replaced it. Special landmarks, farms, and firms could be destroyed and the country could lose a lot of its resources. afterward the war, commonly the country goes in a huge debt.On the other hand, war could be seen as a positive influence. Wars exist because people can non book on something. After the war it could be cl ear and they would agree and not fight anymore. Sometimes war could give freedom to a country. After war the country could become more powerful. If the war was because of land, after they set ahead they have a bigger country with more resources. These resources could make the economy of the country rocket up. Also war in short-term is real good for the economy. For example during the Great Depression, unemployment rate decreased. Since they need large amounts of weapons make quickly they hire more people and this leads to more jobs. Long-term rational a war could rebuild the economy of a country. Like the French, their proceeds grew faster after WW1 and WW2. The country initiates in technology too. They would need cleanse more powerful strategies and weapons than the enemys so they research and develop in technology. Afterwards, this would benefit the country greatly.Could this debate ever be everywhere? I do not reckon so. As you can see, there are many bad and good sides of war. Overall I think wars are bad, because all these positive things are still not deserving of millions of lives. And the good sides are if you win the war but that is not carbon% sure. And even if things are resolved after the war, we are humans and we eternally want more. If the countries do not feel satisfied they might go into a second war and then a third and so on. So I think we should always find more placid ways than war.

Fahrenheit 451 Part 1 Responses

Fahrenheit(postnominal) 451 Part 1 Responses 1. The significance of Montag seeing his reflection in Clarisses eyes is that it shows that Clarisse is different. She is special. In this dystopia that Ray Bradbury has made, Clarisse is the one unique part of the society, the flaw. 2. In the childhood memory that Clarisse caused Montag to rec only, Montag was a child and the power went aside in his house. Montags mother had lit a candle. He found an hr of rediscovery, of such illumination that space lost its vast dimensions and drew good around them, and both mother and son transformed, hoping that the power doesnt have intercourse back on. . The two mannerisms, of Montag, that Clarisse pointed out were that Montag laughs at the things she says, regardless of if theyre homophile(a) or non, and that he doesnt take a few minutes or some(prenominal) amount of time to think before answering her questions. 4. The Mclellans were looked at as peculiar because they would do things such as leave all the lights open in their house, stay up, and talk with eachother. Clarisses uncle would often repulse jailed for doing something wrong and against the law. 5. Clarisse asks Montag, Are you happy? and this is significant because this question loops in Montags head for the rest of the book.This question sparks this so-called revolution in Montags head. 6. The ex leaned metaphor that describes Clarisse through Montags eyes when he went inside his home was, She had a very thin face similar the dial of a small clock seen faintly in a dark room in the middle of a dark when you fire up to see the time and see the clock telling you the hour and the minute and the second, with a white lock a instruction and a glowing, all certainty and intimate what it has to tell of the night passing swiftly on toward further darknesses precisely moving also toward a new sun. 7.Clarisseis inquisitive and thoughtful, and, at first, seems to get at Montag because she challenges his beli efs with her questioning. In a society where reading, driving slowly, and walking outside argon outlawed a conversation is rare, Clarisses love for nature and quirk of hoi polloi is extremely peculiar. She is forced to go to a psychiatrist for behaviors standardized hiking and thinking independently. Her family, and especially her uncle, is behind all of this. At night, the McClellan houses lights are on contrasting with the surrounding areas silence and darkness.Montag accuses Clarisse of thinking too much. In the end, Clarisse opens Montags eyes, and recognizes that he is different from everyone else. forwards they met, Montag was full of fascination with only of the fire. Montags feels fascinated by Clarisse, provided he also feels pressured. Clarisse takes Montags mask of happiness, and forces him to confront the deeper humans of the situation. She is like a reflection of himself. He feels that she is connected to him in some way, as if she had been waiting for him, aroun d the corner.As Montag looks back on his meeting with her, the examine seems more and more important and significant. 8. The bedroom is shared by Montag and his wife, Mildred. It is stale and the opposite of homey. The significance is that Montag refers tothe roomas empty, and then says that it is not physically empty because Mildred is laying there, solely feels empty, characterizing Mildred. 9. Clarisse McClellan is a beautiful and around the bend seventeen-year- senile who introduces Montag to the worlds potential with her innocence and curiosity.She is out-casted from society because of her peculiar habits, which include hiking and asking questions, further she and her family seem happy with themselves and each other. 10. Clarisse says Montag is different from other firemen in that he stops for her and is willing to have a conversation with her. Most firemen tend to just walk away and let her babble on to herself, but Montag seems interested in the things that Clarisse says. 11. The mechanical hound is a man-made monster. It is a hollow enforcer that kills things that it is programmed to.It either kills or disables its target. Physically, the hound has eight-legs. A needle from its nose stuns, paralyzes, wounds, poisons, and/or kills its victim. 12. Antisocial unwilling or otiose to associate in a normal or friendly way with other heap, but, in the case of this novel, antisocial means soul who is odd, peculiar, someone who doesnt follow the rules of society. This term is used for Clarisse. 13. Clarrise says that people dont talk anymore. If they do talk, it is about something superficial that have no real meaning or anything of that sort behind them. 4. Montag asks if burning books had always been a firemans role in the society. The other firemen are shocked the question. This question offends their comfortable belief system, and Montag is disregard as someone who is misinformed, but this is just the beginning of Montags awakening. 15. The mulieb rity said, Play the man, Master Ridley we shall this day light such a candle, by Gods grace, in England, as I trust shall never be gravel out. Beatty later explains this to Montag and the others.In 1655 a man named Latimer said this to his fellow Nicholas Ridley before they were burnt alive for heresy. Just like the firemen are ready to burn the books for their beliefs, the cleaning lady is ready to burn for her books and beliefs. Montag steals a few books and lays awake all night thinking about the powerful message that the woman had said. 16. Montag feels horrible for the old woman, but, at the same time, he feels jealous of her. She is standing up for what is right, but he hides behind his title. He steals books from her house and hides them to later read.Even though he feels bad for this, he is actually rebelling. 17. Their job is not to put out physical fires, as it should be, but to put out the fire of discontent. As long as people remained happy, everything worked out. Int ellectuals became very unpredictable and dangerous people. mint who read books and thought for themselves molded ideas against the government. Firemen became the guardians of peoples comfort. They destroy books before people could read and use them to form ideas. These ideas could threaten equality and happiness of the people in society.

Graduate Employability Essay

When we say Graduate Employability, the first thought that lifts to disposition is the definition of employability. Various definitions have been written, and rewritten. They atomic number 18 all correct, but not quite complete. Reason being, the perspectives on employability ar propelling, while the norms in procreation run according to the knowledge curriculum, which may also be dynamic in most cases, but runs on a pre set pattern- wholeness cannot jump the queue. Often, there has been a gap between discipline found readinesss acquired during higher(prenominal) education, and generic skills which are increasingly regarded as an essential introduce for employability.This gives rise to this perennial debate about graduate employability and reveals issues in higher education. As David Hind and Stewart Moss (in their book, Employability Skills, published in early 2005) seem to suggest. written, verbal, communication, foundation skills etc enhance the employability of an ind ividual or graduate looking for a job. Having skills and position them to work is the starting point of employability- by how much an individual succeeds in this effort determines his level of achievement. Employability is an current process- and it does not begin or decease with a graduate getting his first job.Britain has been in the forefront of this ongoing debate. While skills and knowledge have been the twin constituents of employability always, it remains to be unyielding which one is the critical attribute and what is the optimum coalesce. Professor Mantz Yorke takes the view that employability is convoluted and goes well beyond the notion of key skills- it takes into account a mix of personal qualities and beliefs, understandings, skilful practices and the ability to reflect productively on sleep together (Learning and Employability Series, the teaching on Employability in Higher Education- what is and what is not)Then we come to the issues in higher education impac ting graduate employability. Higher Education bread and butter Council for England conducted a study on graduate employability way back in 2003 and found that work experience during courses appears to be a highly despotic influence on employability. The reason is simple- while on the job, the scholar gets an opportunity to use his academic knowledge in realtime scenario- that too under conclusion supervision and tutorial guidance. The ownership is high because the results are linked to the students performance.The intrapersonal skill sets are fine tuned and behavioural skills are further honed to provide the student with tools to accomplish a given task or project. When later, as a graduate he or she looks for employment , there is far more clarity on the demands of the job and his/her ability to match up- so violate decisions are averted. It results in well matched expectations from both sides- the employer and the employee. Competencies being diverse for different job role s, it just gets that much much simpler to know what one is soundly at, and what one should be looking for.Another point highlighted in the study by HEFCE says that employer involvement in course design and delivery is positively associated with the quality of initial employment found by graduates. This way, the employers expectations are verbalize explicitly, and the curriculum tweaked to accommodate the expectations. Sufficient to say, that while there is already a whole lot being done at the graduation level, to manoeuvre out complete, capable and well balanced individuals, more can be done to enhance employability.The times are changing, so are the inevitably and expectations of students and Corporates. The efficacy of a sound education system gets established if the alumni are successful in their calling. This focussed group discussion is meant to establish the alliance between schooling and education. As Mark Twain said, so broad ago- dont let your schooling interfere wit h your education. We are all familiar with Robin Hood

Loren Baritz’s “God’s Country and American Know-How” Essay

In Loren Baritzs perfections Country and American Know-How, it briefly describes the birth of our nation, characteristics, and theories through taboo Americas history. America would become gods artless (435) is not only the title of the summary but the basis of our knowledgeability fathers thoughts. In the begin only few manner of speaking were spoken of the outside world, problems consisted within our borders that had to be dealt with. These included Indians, witches, and worst of every(prenominal) shrewd Yankees. The new world was puny (436) and could not be the withstander of the free world. World War One was a large reckon that increased American view of the invincible war machine(440) these thoughts move up till World War Two, Americans now knew they we were superior, with the development of thermonuclear weapons technology has proven their superiority on the battlefield.JFK, Eisenhower, and George F. Kennan are just virtually of the examples Loren quotes from, but th ese great men show the change in American views and opinions. We went to war in Vietnam in the name of ideas, of principles, of abstractions.(438), this statement is only the offset printing of Americas city on a hill (435) beliefs. short after the Vietnam War began the thinking changed from United States could not be shell in war (440) to Vietnam should have taught us that we could not continue to antic the role of moral advisor and moral enforcer to the world (437). Loren shows the readers not only the birth of our nation, but how Americans have gone from isolated to withstander of free nations, and a World Power. By supporting his thoughts with quotes and grave comment this story will not only open your mind to your thinking but to the thoughts of the nation we live in today.Works CitedBaritz, Loren. Gods Country and American Know-HowReal Culture contexts for critical reading and writing.Ed. Diana George and tooshie Trimbor. 5th Ed.New York Parison Longman, 2004. 434-41

Effects of Online Advertisements on Newspaper Advertisements Essay

ads muckle both(prenominal)(prenominal) keep back the form of mark advertizement by dint of compositions, mags, brochures, and fliers or in non- mug form such(prenominal) as those found in television, radio, television system, and net. The central train of advertizements is to bring to the caution of authorization customers the existence of a new result or profit. A good advertizement should be competent to stockpile the potential customers to purchase and keep them motivated to do a authorized action (Tolani, 2010). While the function of advertize has non changed from the act of influencing the conclusion of a potential customer, the form of advert has radu altogethery evolved with new advert media emerging. inter progress ad emerged with the coming of radios in the 1920s. The be of people who owned radios change magnitude to ab fall out 82% by 1940. However, television was hive awayd in the 1950s, and was soon a common appliance in al close to to tally(a) ho workholds. This resulted in the sum up of television advertising expenditure to n wee $1. 5 billion by 1960s. Outdoor advertisement laughingstock be traced back to the post terra firma War era to the American Safety Razor Company in 1925 when it advertised a brushless shaving cream on a mega billboard (Tolani, 2010).The advent of video cas get alongte recorders saw a new elan in advertisement during the percentage point surrounded by the primaeval 1980s and late 1990s. The video cassette recorders became rattling popular with viewers, but video advertisement met a major(ip) hitch as viewers good fast-forwarded ONLINE AND intelligence activitypaper publisher ad 11 through with(predicate) advertisements season watching tapes. This compelled firms to resort to ingathering placement in which their products were apply in television shows and films. The current media development in this sports stadium is the go for of internet for worldly cin one causer nizing. in that respect has by and large been an increase in education processing system ownership and the use of internet has rapidly grown. It might non be delicate to predict the advertisement media that bequeath be vastly used in the coming(prenominal). However, it is an open fact that advertisements lead stick well-nigh to improve and contact to function oft(prenominal) useful to vexati aces and to the consumer (Tolani, 2010). Entrepreneurs and barter managers ar faced with the scrap of fashioning a prize for an advertisement media on a day-after-day basis.This is because the success of their establishments greatly bets on the ability of the enterprisers and managers to create product and service aw atomic number 18ness, build their firms flick and reputation, and generate sales leads and r so farues. These efforts can solo be realized by the use of publisher and magazine advertisements, radio advertisements, television advertisements, outdoor ad, we b denote, among many some(prenominal)(predicate) announce media. What will determine the final median(a) choice whitethorn go away from one logical argument to an opposite and the various factors that ar in piddle away toward meeting the specific subscriber line objectives (Patsula Media, 2007).Irrespective of the medium of advertisement that a business chooses to use for its products and services, it is pregnant to note that both the sucker advertising and online advertising ar highly necessary, discontinuen that the approaches toward both, the purposes, and even the listenings atomic number 18 real polar. It is not very advisable to consider one of these media as more in force(p) that the other on mere basis of seasonal sectionalization because either may overtake the other at some give magazine. A good number of people in like manner get down inlet to both sources and this take holds it ONLINE AND news score advertizing 12 mportant for entrepreneur s and business managers to give receivable favor to both (Web Windows, 2010). Thesis Statement effrontery the increase increase of selective learning that is operable over the internet and the subsequent increase in the number of people who tend to spend more time on the internet, companies argon turning to advertise their goods and service online so as to earmark this newly generated securities industry. Emphasis has frankincense shifted to the viable effects that this emerging rationalise of online advertisement may welcome on news score advertisement, both in popularity and advertisement revenue. Statement of the ProblemAdvertisement plays a very authorised function in the trading processes as it is the yet means through which a business can bring to the care of the consumers about their products, introduce a new product in the market or nurture the sales of an existing product or service. All these be centre activitieswithout which, a business setup cannot eff ectively compete for customers in the al drivey-herd market. though there ar numerous media through which a business may place its advertisements, the about comm unaccompanied used medium is the paper publisher because of its ample lecturership and circulation.With the advent and advancement of engineering science, report publishers have embraced information technology to an finis of presenting their yields both as news shanghai and online run acrossings. This advancement means that entrepreneurs have the choice of choosing which mutant of a paper publisher through which to place their advertisements. This will primarily be dictated by an entrepreneurs own rating of the medium that will outperform shell the business desires. Lately, there ONLINE AND theme publisher publisher advertizing 13 as been growing debate about the popularity of online theme and news marker. This debate cannot escape the attention of entrepreneurs who portentously rely on these ne ws media for their advertisements. There is general consensus that online versions of publishers are gaining popularity among proveers worldwide. Could this increase popularity and, to some extent, translate into change magnitude preference by entrepreneurs to place their advertisements online instead of the news shanghai version of newspapers? undercoat of the ProblemGiven the central role which newspapers play in the advertisement of goods and services by businesses, it is only important that entrepreneurs give special attention and critical evaluation on the volume of conership and scope of circulation of both the online version and news move version of newspapers. This would mean that new considerations are factored in when qualification a choice for advertisement media by business contrary to old tenseness that focused only on readership and circulation. Ability to devil n advertisement by potential customers is a major concern that coaxs het up(p) boardroom debates in companies, exceptionally due to intense competition for the crowded market. The significance of an advertisement media with take to scope of out go on means that both entrepreneurs and advertisement agencies have a responsibility to ad choose the use of advertisement media able of optimizing market out surpass for a product or service. Key aspects for consideration with regard to choice of advertisement media are brinyly in subjects of stone pit reference and access.These entail considerations of readership and circulation which would operate that an advertisement r for each onees the highest number of target interview inside the flyspeckest duration viable and shake offs attention in the most appropriate way. ONLINE AND news stigma advertizement 14 While many entrepreneurs are coming up with several measures of ensuring they evidentially save on advertisement costs for their products and services, advertising agencies are of the opinion that optimizing market outre ach can best be exe recognizeed by choosing a media with great readership and wide circulation.Key areas suggested by advertisement experts let in push and ability to attract attention among other advertisements. When due consideration is minded(p) to these two aspects, an advertisement media will be able to strain market outreach by approximately 70%, which is equivalent to around 5% of the extreme product market in a crowded environment. It is generally agreed that upgrading of newspapers to online versions can service of process to significantly improve their readership and accessibility, translating to wider market outreach for online advertisements. much(prenominal) advancement in technology has for long been credited as significant part of increasing readership, expanding circulation, and qualification lasting impact in advertisement. The most remarkable gain for online advertisement can be attributed to the increase in number of people owning computers and therefore spending a lot of time on the internet ir pertinent the numbers of people buying newspaper publisher and the time they spend reading it. Justification for the dissectEffects of online advertisement toward news put out advertisement are a welcome topic at this time when there is growing concern that newsprint advertisement is bonnie less and less effective in an environment where consumers are progressively getting their information online and from other non- tralatitious sources. This belief has also drawn a lot of objection from newspaper advertisement sales agent who affirm that newsprint advertising is more effective than online advertising.To them, newsprint advertising is tangible, devising it workable for a potential ONLINE AND newsprint ADVERTISEMENT 15 customer to clip it out, hold in the hand and carry to the store unlike online advertisements, which is only visual. Though online advertisement can cost a business slightly more, it is becoming more popular with cons umers and can then not be merely brushed off. This calls for a strategy that will ensure that this advertisement medium is embraced without jeopardizing the profits of a business. Deficiencies in the evidenceThe choice of an advertisement media that an entrepreneur or a business opts to use for its products or services are brinyly determined by size of business and the target audience whether they are other businesses, youth, elderly, men or women. The access to an advertisement by these groups of persons is quite varied as all of them have their own preferences of media choices. The youth may be found of internet go the elderly may be accustomed to newsprint. While online advertising may conciliate a grown impact among the youth, it may not inevitably do the aforestate(prenominal) with the elderly or housewives.The size of a business will also play a big role in the choice of advertising media. For example, weeny businesses may not have all the money to invest in certain media which are considered expensive and are therefore a preserve for big businesses. advertisement is an expensive pretend and may not be appealing or affordable to all entrepreneurs. This means that the choice of a media may not necessarily be determined by its effectiveness but rather by the enthronization capacity of any given entrepreneur.Evidence obtained for this write up will thus be influenced to a greater extent by individual entrepreneur considerations and not necessarily by the popularity of any given media. ONLINE AND newspaper publisher ADVERTISEMENT 16 Definition of Terms Advertising Media refers to means by which an advertising message is carried to potential customers and includes television, radio, internet, magazines, newspaper, and signage Online Advertising refers to advertising that is done over the internet modsprint Advertising refers to placing advertisements on a newspaper Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of news reporting effects of online advertiseme nt toward newsprint advertisement is to 1. escort that entrepreneurs are reard with ample information regarding the various advertisement media to enable them make informed choices 2. Ensure that myths revolving effectiveness of either newsprint advertisement or online advertisement are eliminated and substituted with live statistics 3. Ensure that advertisement agencies are able to ad simply their media in a manner that will enable businesses reach their target audience in the most effective way and at the least cost possible 4.Ensure that recommendations are made that would help entrepreneurs make a choice on the most effective media for their advertisements. This canvass is significant because it would help in ensuring that useful information is made available to help entrepreneurs with their advertisement ends, particularly those focusing on newsprint and online advertisements. It will also ensure that advancements in technology are ONLINE AND newspaper ADVERTISEMENT 17 emb raced and advertising services evolve to best meet the opportunities and challenges of the future with regard to market outreach.Hypotheses The come throughing hypotheses were tested in this study 1. H01 Advertising plays a central role in business success. HA1 Advertising does not play a central role in the success of a business. 2. H02 near businesses advertise on newsprint media. HA2 or so businesses do not advertise on newsprint media. 3. H03 Most entrepreneurs prefer to use online advertisements for their products. HA3 Most entrepreneurs do not prefer to use online advertisement for their products. 4. H04 Newsprint advertising is more effective that online advertising.HA4 Newsprint advertising is less effective than online advertising. 5. H05 Online advertising is the future of product advertisement. HA5 Online advertising is not the future of product advertisement. compendious The shift in focus by entrepreneurs and businesses to put more attention on online advertisement instead on the traditional advertisement media is more often than not seen as one of the important steps toward technological revolution of the advertising industry. This would go a long way in realizing wider market outreach and change magnitude sales for businesses and publishers who embrace the internet for their publications.This, in essence, would mean increased readership for online version of newspapers, translating into bigger profit margins. ONLINE AND newspaper publisher ADVERTISEMENT 18 This study has been designed to explore various modes of newspapers as major advertisement media which can be used by entrepreneurs and businesses to advertise their products and services. Special focus has been given to mavin Newsprint and hint Online, which are Malaysias trail English publications. Chapter two of this work is an extensive books round on matters relating to online and newsprint publications as wellspring as online and newsprint advertisement.Chapter three is an o utline of entropy accrual and treatment man chapters four and flipper respectively present recoupings and discussions. Chapter half a dozen outlines major conclusions and recommendations. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 19 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE appraise basis Newspapers have conventionally played a very significant role in the advertisement of goods and services. This has been mainly attributed to their wide readership and circulation since they can be easily obtained, from the nearest street vendor to the biggest shopping mall in the biggest city.The readership of newspapers also cut across all ages, sexes, and social classes as they ordinarily publish articles that would be useful to all these category of persons in one way or the other,. Newspapers have for long dominated the advertisement stab due to the low costs involved as compared to other advertisement media. Newspaper comes either as newsprint or online. Newspaper publishers have lately resorted to the two kind s of publication to meet the various requires of assorted readers (Mutter, 2010).The insertion of online version of newspaper has seen a significant drop in the readership of the print newspaper, and this trend is projected to continue into the future. This scenario which is well-nigh inevitable and probably irreversible is generating big concern on the future of printed newspaper as well as newsprint advertisement. The printing of newspaper remains very important for publishers since it is responsible for the biggest volume of revenue for publishers, contributing nearly 90% of the total revenue for a newspaper political party.Analyst are quick to head teacher that any attempt to rid of print newspaper would simply through publication companies out of business since the advertising revenue will almost drop to 5%, if not zero (Mutter, 2010). However, the move survival of print newspaper will to a great extent be determined by consumer demands, good state of an economy, and the interest of marketers to use newsprint ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 20 advertising. It is predicted that with the diminishing stinting prospects declining advertising revenue, there is a high possibility of a major drop in consumer demand for print newspapers.This is based on the fact that close to half of print newspaper readers are aged population who are statistically in all likelihood to pass out with time. The jr. population is not found of print newspapers, and this habit will probably accompany them to old age. Unless this readership habit of the junior population changes, it is quite evident that the print newspaper readership will continue to shrink as the aged population slowly makes their exit, leaving the younger population that has already formed a habit of not reading the print newspaper (Mutter, 2010). valuation of sign NewspaperPrint newspaper has conventionally been associated with a number of advantages, which have probably made it very popular. It is gen erally agreed that print newspapers have loyal readership, which makes it a stringy advertising tool as compared to internet. Print newspaper is considered very effective when a particular geographic area is cosmos targeted for example, when you want to give notice people of about a forthcoming sporting event. For those who have information to convey, print newspaper is more flexible in terms of aloofness as one is able to determine the size that would best suit his/her reads.Certain print newspapers enjoy many loyal fans, thus increasing their readership (Lad, 2009). On the other hand, print newspapers have certain disadvantages. Print newspaper generally has limited lifespan, meaning they are only available to the public for a single day after which they are withdrawn from sale. Print newspaper may not give a wide reach as compared with internet that has a global audience. Print newspapers have the point of accumulation in terms of the ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 21 a udience who may actually read it, and certain copies may actually not be available on demand at all multiplication (Lad, 2009).Evaluation of Online Newspaper Online newspapers tend to suggest information to the reader much more promptly as compared to the print version. The online version is always available on the internet before the print version is on the streets. Online publications can commonly be updated several times in a day with the latest news and happenings. Moreover, spell print version is purchased, online newspapers are accessed on the loose(p) of charge. This makes it possible for a reader to use a wide spectrum of newspapers possible.Online versions enable users to make use of cogitate to divide large units of information into more easily jabbingestible portions, and to search information in the newspaper is also automated. Readers of online versions are able to archive articles on the computer, contact editors via e-mail, and use interactive games (Lad, 2009) . The disadvantages attributed to online versions include the fact that they do not give detailed reports on all the subjects and tend to omit several sections found in the print version. This limits information available to the online reader.Reading from a computer does not convey the traditional experience of reading a newspaper, which is a key characteristic of print newspaper. During peak times when several users are scrambling to access news, the download times are very long. Online newspapers are characterized by so many links which are quite confusing instead of being useful, particularly the nub of query necessary and the need to constantly check the link address. unity gets tired looking at the computer screen and it may take time to get used to them (Lad, 2009).ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 22 depicted object Study steer Online and lead story Newspaper The sorcerer is one of the leading English language newspapers in Malaysia. The statistics issued from the Aud it Bureau of Circulation indicate that the print version of this newspaper has a daily circulation of nearly 950,000 copies while the sunshine sentience records a readership of nearly 850,000. The publication is mainly owned by the Malaysian Chinese Association. The main competitors of this publication are The Sun and the New Straits Times, which are also published in English.The esthesis newspaper traces its history back in 1971, when it was first published as a regional newspaper in Georgetown. By 1976, the newspaper had gained national circulation in Malaysia, and established its headquarters at the countrys capital, Kuala Lumpur. The growth in business saw the company relocate to Petaling Jaya, where it is currently based ( necromancer Publication, 2009). The companys print newspapers, The jumper lead Daily and The Sunday genius are published in five different editions. deuce of the editions cover the Union eninsular states of Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, and Perak. Two other editions cover the larger country. The Star Daily is dissever into sections consisting of the Main Paper, StarBiz, StarTwo, Star Metro, and classified section. The features of the Main Paper are predominantly local anaesthetic and international news. The StarBiz is mainly concerned with trade and reports on market trends, financial reports, and stock market updates. On the other hand, Star Two mainly feature articles on enjoyment, environment, science, lifestyle, and fashion among several others.Lastly, the content of Star Metro is varied and tends to focus more on the area of circulation (Star Publication, 2009). The continued demand by the publications readers saw the emergence of The Star Online, which is an internet version of The Star newspaper. This was in response to the persistent ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 23 demand for an online version of the newspaper, and it finally made entree into the market in 2005. The company prides its strengths as a newspaper on the cornerstones of internet and media ventures.The Star Online and its many components are produced, managed, developed, and contributed to by the Star Division, The Star Online and Multimedia Newsdesk teams of The Stars Editorial Department (Star Publication, 2009). Newsprint Advertisement Advertisement can be traced to the emergence of trading activities from very early long time as evidenced by archeological artifacts drawn from different parts of the world. With the machination of the printing press in 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg who was a German Goldsmith, merchants were able to duplicate advertisements for their wares.By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, newsprint advertising had become the primary means for companies to communicate their sales and promotions to the consumers. This was mainly through media such as newspapers, magazines, fliers, posters, and billboards (Walker, 2010). Following the invention of printing press, advertisements became a common place in weekly newspapers and weekly journals. The items, which were mainly feature in such advertisements, include new machines, other print publications or reported the discoveries and inventions of the enlightenment era.The first newsprint to offer advertising space for sale was the French publication La Presse in 1836. This saw this newsprint being sold more cheaply, hence record increased readership and profitability. This move inspired other newspapers and magazines across the world to follow suit in this commercial strategy. In the contemporary newsprint, advertising designers are able to visualize highly creative commercials through digital image manipulation in order to make the biggest market impact (Walker, 2010).ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 24 Newsprints nonoperational remain key advertisement medium for every business to such a point that it is hard to consider doing business without advertising in a newspaper or a magazine. This is particularly important for small bu sinesses that can hardly afford other media of advertisement. Paid-circulation newspapers have for long dominated the mass media market for advertisement as reflected in advertisement sales volumes. Newspapers are very popular with both multinational businesses and small-scale dealers.This is probably due to the fact that businesses come in three distinct forms denominationly local, regional, and national newspapers each targeting different audience according to its scope of circulation (Patsula Media, 2007). Advantages There are a number of advantages that print newspaper advertisements have over online advertisements. Print newspapers have very wide circulation as almost every home in the city subscribe to daily access of a printed newspaper. Where the advertisement is think to reach audience only in a particular geographical region, print newspaper readily permits this.The printed advertisement benefits from both permanence and desired obsolescence. This means that a reader is able to refer back or even cut out a particular advert. Print newspapers have a foreseeable frequency of publication, either on daily or weekly basis, making it possible for advertisers to target days of wider readership for their adverts (Brassil, 2010). The immediacy that print newspapers have makes it possible for urgent advertisements to be responded fast, thereby producing urgent results. When deadlines are short, it permits quick responses to changing market conditions.Readers are already accustomed themselves to getting advertisements on print newspapers to an extent that a good number buys print newspapers just to read advertisements. At the kindred time, print newspaper reading has nearly become a habit for ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 25 most people. peculiar(prenominal) sector adverts can be very easily placed on the various sections of print newspaper such as sports, news, and classifieds to ensure the target is directly hit (Brassil, 2010). Print newspapers gi ve advertisers a lot of flexibility both in size and placement.This means that production changes can be easily responded to whenever the need arises. Advertisements that are placed on print newspapers can be examined at leisure since the exposure is not limited, thus readers are able to take their time going through the message. Since placement on print newspaper can be tailored to a size that suits the budget of the advertiser, it is possible even for small businesses to place their small adverts at low costs. Print newspapers offer wide options to advertisers whether place their advertisements as imitate only, copy with graphics, colored, or black and white.Finally, print newspapers features supplements which readers can easily lead out and save (Brassil, 2010). Disadvantages Advertising on print newspaper has not escaped its own set of shortcomings. Because of the large number of advertisements which are featured on the newspaper, any particular advertisement must compete for readers attention. This means that readers who only spend a few transactions reading the print newspaper may fail to capture the advertisement. At the same time, there is hardly a guarantee that everybody who reads the print newspaper will read the advertisements placed in it.This is because a print newspaper has several sections and not all readers read every section of the newspaper. The short lifespan, commonly daily, that newspapers have forces advertisers to insert multiple advertisements even for a integral week so as to reach a good number of readers. This may be expensive particularly for small businesses (Brassil, 2010). ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 26 Online Advertisement The revolution in information and communication technology has come with both opportunities and risks for the business community, particularly from the point of view of the traditionally-established media. meshing as a form of computer aided communication is as unsure for the print media. The t echnical potential in advertisement that online newspaper offers surpasses that of the printed newspaper in several ways. Online newspaper is interactive multimedia for providing inbred and external networks, while offering a selection of functions, possibility for veritable(a) updates, access to archives, rapid access to large number of newspapers, and being paperless, thus ensuring there is no problem of waste disposal (Neuberger, Tonnemacher, Bibl & Duck, 1998). AdvantagesThe economic constraints that businesses face on everyday basis often leave enterprises with very little money to spare on advertising. This is more common among the small businesses who often find themselves light in the pocket. It is therefore important to opt for an advertisement medium that give optimum output and minimal costs. Online advertisement is generally seen to be complacent in this line than the traditional newsprint advertisement. When online advertisements are on a pay-per-click basis, an en trepreneur only pays when a potential customer clicks on the advert and ends up on the entrepreneurs website.This ensures that businesses only pay for leads that end up in their website as unconnected to mass messages in the print newspaper that may or may not reach the target audience. There is therefore maximum hang on investment for a business using online advertisement (Rogers, 2010). ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 27 Online advertisement also works very quickly given the fact that the day that one gets started is the same day that results manifest. There is basically neither waiting period nor long startup process. erst an entrepreneur is ready to get started, he/she can very easily launch a successful advertisement promotion on a number of channels. This tends to produce quick results and the campaign can also be maintained for a longer period of time unlike print newspapers which have daily lifespan. Online advertisement enables businesses to target their markets more e fficiently than print newspapers. This can be achieved through the use of social networks that an entrepreneur considers relevant to the campaign.Once these social networks are identified, a business can dig very deeply into their niche, enabling them to produce the maximum results with very little investment (Rogers, 2010). Advertising online has the advantage of giving elaborate and thorough statistics that enables a business to tweak and optimize their campaigns to the maximum. This is a total deviation from newsprint advertising when one can do very little to jumper lead the success of one campaign as compared to another. Online advertising avails quite a number of information just at a mouse click.With online advertising, an entrepreneur is able to monitor the number of people who visits the business website, where they come from, what they did once they were there, and many other details. Online advertisement also allows full control and outline since one is able to manage h ow many times to show up in the search engines, thus make it possible to gain huge returns for the business (Rogers, 2010). Disadvantages One key disadvantage that is associated with online advertisement relates to advertising foul as there is incredible amount of clutter on most web pages.This arises from the fact that ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT every advertiser tries to draw the attention of web viewers, making readers have access to too much information which they can hardly digest. Under these circumstances, the web viewers normally choose to ignore the advertisements and this will lead to low rates of return. Also, online advertisement is still a new judgment for many advertisement agencies, which simply cannot tell just yet which advertising method acting works best (Rogers, 2010). 28 ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 29CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Introduction In research under fetching, the methodology section is one of the crucial areas to be tackled in a proposal docum ent because it forms the basis of the results of research findings. A research can be faced with big challenges due to ill-timed choice of method used. To avoid this, good planning of the method is of the essence(p) and in order to get reliable results. The issue of reliability establishes that a research should have the ability to show consistency in the results even after a study is repeatedly done by different researchers.Reliability in research study can also be enhanced through good structure of the methodology. When the correct data appeal methods are used, proportional specimens are collected, and the correct method of analysis is used, a research can achieve validity. Since this thesis is inductive in nature, it prompted the masking of a qualitative methodology. This means that the views of newspaper publishers and advertisement experts have been given a lot of weight. This was done by administering both physical and online questionnaires as well as conducting in-depth interviewseach lasting nearly 45 minutes.Those interviewed had to be newspaper publishers, advertisement agencies, and general newspaper readers in Malaysia who have been in the sector for the last five years. Moreover, at the time of the interview, they were actively meshed in related media and general businesses. This ensured very rich data was self-contained from persons with a wealth of experience. Data Collection Methods The key purpose of data collection was to ensure that a rich set of description was obtained. To achieve this, the interviews were transcribed in real time by the interviewer.The ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 30 responses were then reduced and analyzed by adopting principles of data codification and clustering (Miles & Huberman, 1994). This was supplemented by administration of questionnaires as well as comprehensive review of relevant literature. Sources The data gathered for this research is from a wide range of documentary sources relating to new spapers as advertisement medium in general as well as those specifically relating to print newspaper and online newspaper giving special emphasis to The Star Publications.These mainly included policy documents and academic and the non-academic documents. First, journals on newspaper advertisements were searched. Second, electronic databases were searched using key words like newsprint advertisement, online advertisement real The Star newspaper and effects of online advertisement on newsprint advertisement. Literature review included both conceptual and empirical works, with about 15 articles reviewed for this study. Interviews The interviews dwelt on the following areas ? The considerations when choosing advertisement media ?The relationship between newspaper readership and circulation and advertisement impact ? The means of promoting advertisement on both print newspaper and online newspaper so as to enable business reap maximum benefits from these advertisement media ? What the f uture holds for print newspapers and online newspapers, with emphasis on The Star Daily and The Star Online. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 31 Questionnaires A questionnaire field of the newspaper publication sector was conducted to understand the aspects of print newspaper and online newspaper advertisements in Malaysia.The survey was explanatory in nature as the objective was to gain shrewdness on the effects of online advertisement on newsprint advertisement. The questionnaire was administered to nearly light speed Malaysia entrepreneurs, 100 Star Publication readers, and over 100 advertisement experts. The set sent to the entrepreneurs and advertisement experts included a cover letter, which explains the purpose and need for the study, the questionnaire document, and a prepaid reply envelope. Letters reminding the respondents of the questionnaires were later sent to those who had not responded within the three weeks duration.Case Study This thesis involves classical use o f case studies to gain a deeper insight through the application of a set of ideas. A multiple case study approach helps in developing a theory which is better grounded, more accurate, and more infer (Eisenhardt & Graebner, 2007). Case studies are introduced to test the possible effects that advertising in online newspapers could have on advertising on print newspapers, and the users adoption of one over the other. The use of case study is important in practical testing of theories with practitioners in real life situation.The case study organizations are selected based on the idea of a priori sampling. This is because when it comes to building a theory, theoretical sampling tends to be prefer as compared to generalized concept found in statistical studies. This means that the cases are chosen for theoretical and not for statistical reasons (Schroeder, Linderman, Liedtke & Choo, 2008). An analysis has been developed on how the use of online advertisement is steadily gaining popularity among entrepreneurs in Malaysia, and particularly the use of The Star Online.ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 32 Survey Analysis From the nearly 100 questionnaires that were mail to entrepreneurs, 85 were returned. This represented an 85% response to the questionnaires. However, those that contained usable data were only 70, thus a satisfactory response rate can be said to have been reasonably attained. From the 100 questionnaires administered to advertisement experts, 80 were punctually completed and handed over. From these about 74 contained usable data representing nearly 80% response rate which can be considered satisfactory.Ninety-five out of the 100 readers of both versions of The Star duly responded to the questionnaires and all had useful data. map 1 Treatment of Data In research, the data collected need to be synthesized in order to make sense with regard to what is being studied. The data from the questionnaires in this research were analyzed extensively t o retrieve the information contained in them (Zikmund, 2003). The triangulation method for data analysis and interpretation was used to interpret the data collected, basing arguments on grounded theory (Dick, 2000 Knafl & Breitmayer, 1991).In addition, the information obtained from the case study were analyzed individually and thereafter, a comparison was made between the different data sources. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 33 Research Limitations The main limitation that may be pointed out in this research is the use of a single case study. However, it is also true that online advertisement is still a recent concept that has not gained much popularity among entrepreneurs. At the same time, the single case approach has weight in the sense that it allows the exploit of a comprehensive analysis.Some of the information have also not been validated through multiple case analyses so as to provide a solid and practical basis for understanding the effects of online advertisement on newsprint advertisement. Rigor, Validity, Reliability, and Ethics The four categories of quality management in research were highly considered. These include validity, reliability, ethics, and rigor (Zikmund, 2003). Reliability of a research is its ability to demonstrate consistency in results this was achieved through the control of sample by stratifying the population to get a more representative sample.On the other hand, validity is the ability of a scale to measure what it is intended to measure but not going beyond the topic of the study. The triangulation method was used to control this aspect in the thesis. Ethics involves adherence to the norms genuine in gathering of information and this has been ensured by providing secrecy on the information collected from the entrepreneurs. Lastly, the rigor of the research was directed toward efficient sample size in a critical facet in any investigation.The main purpose that a researcher utilizes a sample is to reduce the charges a nd to collect important data faster (Zikmund, 2003). ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT Human Rights resistance The people who were interviewed were assured of their confidentiality. In addition, the information gathered ensures the peoples privacy. The entrepreneurs and their businesses will have their rights protected. Research Schedule/Timeline This research took a period of eight weeks. This is considered an ideal timeframe given the busy schedule of some of the subjects who were to be interviewed and have granted appointments at later dates.A detailed abstract of the work plan for the research has been tabulated below Table 1 give way Plan calendar week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Research proposal Preliminary literature review search Literature review and writing Interviews Case study collection Interview editing, coding and interpretation theme interpretation Report writing and presentation 34 ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 35 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS Research findings indicate that The Star Online is not yet well explored as regularly as The Star Daily print version.According to the survey, only 41% of the users of The Star Online read it daily, as opposed to the 60% who read The Daily Star daily. graph 2 Seventy percent read The Star Online edition several times a week, while 80% read The Star Daily several times a week. unaccompanied 5% of online users say they never read a print version. Online newspapers are read less a great deal and also for shorter periods than printed newspapers. Four out of five users (81%) spend less than an hour reading The Star Online on days when they read it. Only 35% of print readers spend such a short time on it. roughly one-third of the readers of both The Star Online and The Star Daily were un volition to pin themselves down to a particular time of day for reading the paper. One in four (25%) said they read The Star Daily between 5 and 9 a. m. The main time for reading The Star Online is aro und 6 p. m. (38%)this is the time preferred by users of the online edition, which can be read ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 36 on the evening before the printed version appears or which are updated several times in the course of the day.In The Star Online version, the classic sections of the newspaper are the most frequently used. The section Local News is also highly popular. One in three readers of the online version uses the archive frequently (32%) and only about one-third of users did not read the small ads (37%). Items with entertainment value or with feedback possibilities were not very popular. Clear differences emerged between the different kinds of versions, and this only shows that preferences are transferred from the print media to their online equivalents.Proof of this is the hearty interest in Local/Regional Affairs of Internet users of local and regional newspapers or the importance attached to up-to-date information on politics and business matters. A number of questions dealt with the comparison of the information content of The Star Online compared with The Star Daily. Compared with the print version, the online newspaper was rated 45% of the respondents as providing more expanse of information, while only 30% voted in favor of the print version on this criterion 20% rated both versions on this count.The smaller size of The Star Online compared with The Star Daily may be the reason that the print newspaper was rated by considerably more respondents as providing greater scope of information. Chart 3 ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 37 Regarding finding information in the paper, the position is more positive for The Star Online 50% of users stated that they could find their way around just as well as in The Star Daily, while 20% were able to find their way around the online version better.With regard to entertainment value, 40% of users found The Star Online just as good as print version, 35% of users rated print version better and 27% favored online version. What about reader loyalty? About 65% would have chosen The Star Daily and just few than 30% would have preferred The Star Online, if only one of the versions had been available. The decision in favor of the print version was based on its portability, while the advantages of the online version were seen as being its accessibility from outside the normal circulation area and the avoidance of unwanted paper.The main advantage, however, in the eyes of the respondents was that online newspapers are normally provided free of charge. It is therefore not surprising that only 35% of users would be prepared to accept a charge. Out of these, 80% stated that they would only be willing to pay for online newspapers if they were cheaper than print newspapers. Only 1% of those users willing to accept a charge could imagine paying more for online newspapers. Apparently, then, users are not willing to pay for the advantages of online newspapers. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISE MENT 38 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSIONThe case study of Star Publications shows that online newspaper users base their activities and/or expectations on the print newspaper and use or design their product accordingly. The online user knows what to expect of a site as the online version retains the name of the printed version, use a similar layout, and similar contents. Moreover, the positive image of a paper can be transferred to the internet. On the other hand, too strong orientation toward the printed original could mean that the possibilities offered by internet technology are not fully exploitedthat copy is simply lifted from the printed version.Given such trends toward the future consumption of newspapers, it is clear that online newspapers are steadily taking over the readership of print newspapers. This has the potential of influencing the choices of advertisement media, which entrepreneurs will be making regarding print newspapers or online newspapers. The concern for newspaper publis hers would be about the timeframe for which their print newspaper audience would be big enough to justify such huge investment toward publication and distribution of print newspapers.Similar concern would be to entrepreneurs and businesses which still rely heavily on print newspaper for their advertisements. Are they likely to continue using print newspapers for their advertisements or the trend would most likely shift toward online newspapers? The introduction of charges for use seems scarcely possibleat least not as long as the same or similar information is available on the Internet free of charge. The doubts of the advertising industry may evaporate as the Internet becomes more and more widespread and commonly used (Mutter, 2010).ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 39 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Major Conclusions It would be quite wrong and misleading to happen out the future of print newspapers as advertising media just because of the increased use of online adver tising. The reality is that paid circulation newspapers like The Star and Sunday Star still remain very popular advertising media for both local and international businesses. Print newspapers are the most aged forms of mass media, and will thus continue to be dominant in this field, recording big volumes of advertising revenue.Multinationals and local convenience store will continue to depend on print newspapers for their advertisements. Print newspapers are found in each and every community worldwide and readers are very fond of them (Brassil, 2010). two online and newsprint advertisement have their characteristics which show strong and weak points. This explains why despite the perceived decline in readership of print newspapers, a sap through a print newspaper will reveal a number of businesses that continue to place their advertisements on daily basis.The continued charge of advertisements on newsprint clearly indicates that it still works as a very effective advertisement me dium. Although printed newspaper no longer enjoys scoopful monopoly as the predominant source of news, it is clear that they still remain a strong factor in their specific sphere of influence, and online advertisement is not about to edge it out (Brassil, 2010) Recommendations 1. Entrepreneurs should highly consider using both print and online newspapers for their advertisements since both have reasonable number of loyal readers. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 2.When placing advertisements on online newspapers, designers should avoid putting a lot of emphasis on feedbacks since readers rarely give them attention. 3. Advertisements on both versions of newspapers should be critically placed on segments that are frequented by readers so as to attract their attention with ease. 4. Links placed on online newspapers should be more easy to use so that readers can easily navigate through the paper. 5. Most advertisements that target younger persons should be preferably placed on online newspapers while those targeting older people should be placed on print versions.