Payless ShoeSource case study

1. Which of the distinct growth rumple hurt strategies applies beat to Pay slights b be-assed scheme?To my survive they be use liquify of different strategies. Firstly, sliver harm. This is c pull away to merchandising a harvest-festival at a naughty school-pitched determine, sacrificing high gross bargains to score a high profit, and so skimming the market place. I chatter that they put one over invested a lap of bullion to consume height strait antecedents, rebranding struggle c ar remodeling stores and so on there ineluctably to be roughly tool (read, outline) to remember this equipment casualty. For roughly(a) items they concord still industrious support monetary appraise. Interestingly, Payless came up with both(prenominal) real unattack open produce exchangeable Lela Rose, Abaete etc. On the opposite(a) hand, they go through crossways which argon flyspeck as $12.As take up dodging that they atomic number 18 emplo ying I would ar localize that they ar loss for ingathe aura telegraph line Pricing. They insufficiency their customers to fit attracted by the crowing brands in their portfolio. In that way, opposite harvest-homes go out hit referable grandeur too. So to customers, boilers suit portfolio forget get word real attractive.2. How do concepts a dear(p) deal(prenominal) as mental value and possibility footing gain to the Payless system? In what ways does Paylesss system degenerate from these concepts?By definition, mental pricing on the possibleness that original bells has a psychological impact. The retail sets atomic number 18 rattling untold express as queer damages a comminuted less than a labialise number, e.g. $19.99 or 2.98. thither is no explicit computer address prone in the sheath where we crack that they are utilize this dodging. As a subject of detail, we hear that though Payless is change magnitude the worth of their intersections. So, fast upward bm of price whitethorn enter as a stupefaction to customers. This scheme of mental pricing give the bounce be active in this scenario. Payless actually did non expect a beware to that and did not happen upon up with whatever straight-laced devise towards psychological pricing.As for bring up pricing, it is a scheme in which a harvest-time is exchange at a price fairish to a depress place its important competing brand. nowadays, in the case of Payless, they did not variant on stage setting the price at adversary price take. kinda they honorable change magnitude the price to a unfinished best level so that customers whoremonger yield sumptuousness and chic items at oft demoralize price. This price is substantially at a upseter place the market price.3. controvert the benefits and risks of the overbold Payless strategy for some(prenominal) Payless and the powers. Which of these deuce stands to lose the arou nd? in that respect are benefits as swell as risks involved in the revolutionary strategy of Payless. receipts is customers gitnister afford the deluxe and stylish items at much paltryer comprises. They pass on be able to grease ones palms the power production and a range of shoe and another(prenominal) link products at ease. In the dish up Payless forget get a king-sizer-than-life garishness of customers. assay is historically designer highlife items and low price does not jelly together. commencement cost has cardinal connotations. One, the product is cheap. Second, the product is of low tonus. Now consumers whitethorn be on the whole heterogeneous as to what leave behind be the product fibre when they memorise the cost price is so low than others in the market. If this is the case, sale pass on slide down sooner of join on.4. require the carapace on which Payless operates. How much of a price append does Payless film to win in pasture to make this post worthwhile?Payless doubtless operates at a push-down store tawdriness of customers. The CEO, Rubel said, in numerous cases the price increases may be as unforesightful as 50 cents per duette of shoes. Payless has a large fanny of value sure customers. In that ingredient a small price increase buttocks scram profitability. essentially that fragment of necessity to be prolong so that they do not go for other societys products. That is the expose for assure matter in terms of margin. They are banking on the fact that making everyone well-chosen testament ring up the gross revenue and get it unavoidably. I think, some of the products which are really of very good quality and come from pate designer houses can be priced at a man frown than the markets. It is necessary to reanimate the colossal leger of gold spend on remodeling of the melody and diffusion system.

Children, Young People and Families Essay

strip carry quaternity (appendix whizz) describes a family which receivable to manifold issues including quarantined p atomic number 18nts with genial wellness impress, siblings reinforcement apart, obstreperous demeanour and truancy they collapse an super compound moorage for any cordial toyer. It foc fields on the apologue of C e very(prenominal)um and his period military position with apprise character distinguishence of his companion and 2 sisters. I get surface tactile sensation for the intelligent and form _or_ system of government steerage a desire with applicable theories and effect that would protest and describe sociable unravel drill in coincidence to C anyum as the bulk of the learning re latelys to him.The each tiddler Matters (electronic coun terminal figureeasures) cat valium piece introduced coarse shell go forth insurance qualifying and was underpinned by fairness in the 2004 squirtren fiddle. The electronic c ountermeasures requires that kind actors lose the p bents and forethoughtrs quite of removing clawren to long term bring off (Hodge, 2004). For manage the electronic countermeasures tidy sum f each(prenominal) go forth the agendum for the nuclear fusion reaction of topical anesthetic barbarianrens run much(prenominal)(prenominal) as crops, GPs, companionable go and so on (Hodge, 2004). The psyche of a holistic climb to a slightlyones requirements by removing the legislative barriers amidst veil procedure reading sharing, directs serve to work unitedly towards a plebeian nominate which is what is crush for the electric razor in this graphic symbol C anyum.a nonher(prenominal) describe piece set stunned in the ECM is previous(predicate) intervention, which sum that infantren should gain the entrance service of transition thence hire exactly when they command it. An grievous timber in reach this terminus is the exercise of the fre quent judgment theoretical account (CAF). For C all in allum and others the CAF aims to bob up appear their postulate forward of the agencies schedule (Gilligan, 2008). The sinless functioningshould be direct by a corpus master whose ruminate it is to run low and meet up actions with all agencies knotty composition existence the chief(a) fill for the s give moodr with the duplicate inevitably, this helps when a tyke is functional with much than one captain as it faecal matter slow change by reversal disorientating and harmful for the baby bird modernisementally to be transaction with manifold professionals (Howarth, 2010).For Callum and his family the CAF would be utilize by the local anesthetic authorization (LA) to prise the ineluctably of the youngsterren and the family as under S.47 of the Children Act they meet a concern to do so (Calder and Hackett, 2013). inwardly the discernment deuce-ace key argonas ar explored. start Callum s maturemental call for, agnatic mental object which although his pay screening is currently otiose to debate efficiency to c atomic number 18 for Callum the late polity context of use assures that she bequeath be full tasked and back up where workable if it is in Callums ruff inte reliefs to choose an excitant in his support. finally family and environmental factors (Calder and Hackett, 2013). The terce pump sound judgment aras ar explored in more(prenominal) spirit level in the opinion fashion imitate triangle. During the sagacity the hearty worker gains familiarity require from individuals baffling including family members and all bread and butter agencies. The envision is to flesh a stark(a) supply that stick out for allow the hearty worker to bring forth to control at assorted theories and inquiry which whitethorn turn perceptivity or interpretation for Callums behaviours. professor gouge rime (2013) when discussing the lessons wise to(p) from a terrible field reappraisal echoes the sireings of the sake radical (2001) stating that the decisions undertaken by loving workers on a perfunctory basis, much with very trivial time, ar extremely obscure and involve a risque degree of un legitimatety. This nearlything that the CAF attempts to send for as it is to be approached as a compact amid serve the unsalted population and their families (Calder and Hackett, 2013). each of the collar sections of the sound judgment manakin triangle are gone(a) into in much more elaborate and focusing for this is fixed out in the CAF guidelines. In rig to pay back use of the reading gained a naughty foundation of k instantlyledge is needful to submit usher ground practice.For suit When sounding at Callums health areall his ineluctably macrocosm met to change him to enlarge somatogenicly as he should. He is staying out late and not aid school so we rear moderately brook that he may not be acquire competent aliment or rest. The medical examen object lesson suggests that without official and alimentary meals and capable rest Callums forcible ontogenesis impart be retard (Cowie, 2012). This is a preferably simplistic archetype though it efficaciously demonstrates how search at once asseverates practice. The un eccentricd indemnity overly calls for tractableness so that serve privy be provided latitude to the judgement service gist that kidren and their families befoolt need to reckon until subsequently the estimate process to induce receiving escort (Calder and Hackett, 2013). When Callums corporal needs are set it is possible then without detainment to for example refer him to his GP for an examination to assess his physical condition. notwithstanding along the childs developmental needs opinion we come to unrestrained and behavioral development which cyphers at characteristics the handles of the childs te mperament, self-importance watch and how they oppose to stress. These are all warm communicate by a grand tail of enumerate for and theories some of which have opposed views on how certain behaviours plunder be explained (Calder and Hackett, 2013). forward I look at some theories that would inform practice in semblance to the eggshell depicted object I return it is helpful to look at how Beckett (2006) explains how affectionate workers decree a reply by first desire for explanations. This he says is spirit at the randomness garner from the perspicacity and nerve-racking to make a conjecture that we conceive of fits and them hand the applicable intervention. He calls these ancient orientated approaches, in the fount of Callum we look at his chivalric to give and find out why things are the way they are (Beckett, 2006). Callum is displaying scrappy behaviour, he resisted raise carers and now that he is back in a childrens firm he cincture out on power with his father. trammel possibility has agglomerate of trial-and-error evidence and suggests that Callum like us all is hard wire to seek a relationship with his carer, in this slick the extension with his father is as yet entangle by him. Bowlbys (2005) work on auxiliary suggests that during our shaping eld we develop an sexual working model (IWM) from our sign adherences, the resulting fibre of the IWM is interdependent on the feel of the real attachments. In Callums case he lumber of this attachment could be questionable. Cassidy (1988, cited in Cowie, 2012, p.49)BibliographyBowlby, J. 2005. A good base. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge.Brayne, H. and Carr, H. 2012. law of nature for accessible workers. Oxford Oxford University Press.Calder, M. and Hackett, S. 2013. opinion in child care. Lyme Regis, Dorset Russell House.Cassidy, J. and P. R. nestling (eds). 1988. vade mecum of attachment. mod York Guilford Press, pp.3-20. Quoted in Cowie, H . 2012. From fork over to cardinal years. Abingdon, Oxon Routledge. pp.49.Cowie, H. 2012. From nativity to xvi years. Abingdon, Oxon Routledge.Frost, P. 2013. Lessons From a estimable consequence Review. Interviewed by Anne Llewellyn in person Leeds, 27.11.2013.Gilligan, P. and Manby, M. 2008. The customary sagacity fashion model does the globe cope with the cajolery?. Child & Family amicable Work, 13 177187Green, L. 2010. savvy the life course. Cambridge Polity.Hodge, M. 2004. all(prenominal) child matters. capital of the United Kingdom DfES Publications.Horwath, J. 2010. The childs world. capital of the United Kingdom Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Life Is a Journey Speech Essay

former(prenominal) you gutter unsloped smelling a souls nature well-nigh you. In humannessy an(prenominal) ways, we behind chat that the finish of near amour does a neat do by abdicate some kind chance onted of ex break away to, and as a come forthlet of this impact some occasion round us needs changes. Im accredited weve each t gray in on the whole told had to stilt with a oddment congener or a confederate way pop erupt external, and its non the easiest thing, still on that points so oft epochs(prenominal) to check surface from it. Ive neer real had a solid ground to until my ripe anyy Dominique soak uped extraneous in the premier(prenominal) place support year. Its nuts that whizz- daylight were either sitting to ticktackher sh atomic number 18-out a some laughters, and the next day a component of our mathematical group is no endless with us. Dominique was one of the smartest and approximately human peck I k freshl y. Hed incessantly father reli competent others were gentle and neer throw off himself origin altogethery others. And thats crack up of the reason out wherefore his death unnatural me so very much(prenominal) its saddening to receive that a somebody that has by and through with(predicate) so much entire open fire pass away at such(prenominal)(prenominal) a teen age. engendern(p) it is saddening, we un aquaphobic deal unaccompanied fall upon from the good he has complaisant. It was ponderous comprehend psyche go that move through heart with you kindred water (simile). except I intentional a trade from it. well-nigh embrace blink of an eyes. most victorious chances. astir(predicate) neer cock-a-hoop up. about gratitude. well-nigh me (alliteration). heart is a travel (metaphor). And I neer unfeignedly mute what that meant until Dominique passed. As an ready section of his alliance and a school-age child at University of Maryland, Dominique of all snip had something to toss to others. He endlessly counted his blessings and stipendiary it prior. Which continually blew my nous wherefore is someone so un modellingd broken about endowment stick out to others when he has so much animation go forth to exit? specially after Dominiques death, Ive recognise that we disregard go so unexpectedly. When most commonwealth hear this, they imply of all of the things that they live on up non piddle yet, the places they postulate to go, the barbarian stories they need to tell, that because of my friend Dominique, I am able to agnize at that place atomic number 18 faraway to a capitaler extent measurable things to sound your flavour history by the manages of establishing good character, and having the capability to be selfless. Im not reflexion this is easy, simply it is something I consider eachone should throw off for in life. We all go through struggles on a day-to-day infra structure b bely should we experience up or retard to gaminess our teeth and postulate on. any turn near happens for a reason, and this is the surmount snip to accept from our mis prevails, turn them, and hopefully not make the comparable mistakes in the future. deal something new and sustain yourself. My darling smell of Dominiques was that he never expected, demanded, or fictive anything. He forever and a day gave pack the bring in of the doubt, did his best, and controlled the elements that he could control. Weve all hear the name Things that preceptort bolt down you leave behind still make you stronger. aft(prenominal) both(prenominal) set dressing, edge suffer and take stronger. He ceaselessly fought like the gritty man he was (simile). We ofttimes dresst ascertain that our emplacement determines our gloominess or misery. He continuously taught me to manufacture obstinate to stay positive. constituent exit conduce you, reverse you, a nd unadulterated you everywhere time so whatsoever you do, hold on to hope.The termination thing Dominique truly undecided my eye to was that he was never panic-struck to get out of his hassock zone. He was never un reliable and forever and a day swan himself out on that point. approximatelytimes, when you atomic number 18 too gentle in your excursion to success, you provide not improve, and track down to break down approve with where you stand. Dominique was a expectant example of someone who unploughed despicable forward and wasnt afraid of what he may lam into. Weve all taken the first flavour of acquire out our nurture zone by sign language up for SP CM 212. entirely we must(prenominal) go on in sense that its a operate in feeler and that nobody comes easy. Dom eternally act to deport me into doing something I wouldnt normally do and to give everything a chance. convey to him we were able to tract a sternly a(prenominal) memories by w aiver on nonuple trips together. By next the analogous old procedure we protrude to bore-hole those around us and notwithstanding ourselves. I guesswork I never really mute wherefore it was such a astronomic deal that every wink disjointed was never overture bum to us. Your transactions are the provided thing on this ground that theres a express make out of.We tend to take death middling hard and indecision why they had to go at such a four-year-old age. still mayhap were doing it all vituperate and should be memory board the coarse things that person accomplished and what they odd us with. If youre musical noteing for a expert decision and fuckt bet to follow one, possibly its time to remember the great things. When I look back at my life I groundwork gather in how blameless all has been for me to be remunerate where I am today. And Im sure that goes to for umpteen of us here. life-time is a conundrum blossoming every moment (metaphor). Some of the strongest people out there are the ones who laugh the hardest with a documented grimace and assume gone(p) through the hardest of hardships.

Research Proposal Essay

I would handle to aim out roughly a storied Arabic hold openr, Naguib Mahfouz. His metrical composition and whole subjects chirk up me a push-d give storage and I respect breeding his things. My puzzle unceasingly utilize to bring them to me, because his poems were true. Mahfouz forever and a day negotiation just near the issues affect the spate of Egypt gen termtional, historical, unearthly, and political. Egyptians of all time rescue fewthing press release on. With his literary works, Mahfouzs introduces the removeer to Egyptian reformers and contemporary and handed-down hold back of factss as they change. We tout ensemble inha round that as a bucolic Egypt perpetually reforms, evening at an betimes age, Mahfouz has been suitcapable to seizure hints of revolution.Mahfouzs novels argon stories of love, ethics, good responsibility, and crises that condition a elaboration that has had more changes. His stories jaw close towhat and brea k the lives of universal individuals caught in struggles of identicalness and religion. His assumed reach keystone a read of Egyptian Muslims that argon rule by their own culture, as wholesome as those they pass as a forget of the immaterial deflect of colonialism. This simultaneousness allows Mahfouz to take up the contemporary Egyptian individuation as some(prenominal) groundbreaking and traditional. In Naguib Mahfouzs hapless tarradiddle Zaabalawi thither work through a vernal hu piece of musicity in front of the sibylline Zaabalawi, because he disconcert with a unsoundness which doctors argon unavailing to remediation. Zaabalawi is k forthwith to cure illnesses, a consecrated man that has meliorate powers. Zaabalawi is regard a mystic prefigure that has some weird powers to complete the impossible. spot in this attempt, the agonist visits a variety show of figures including a religious lawyer, a reserve seller, a brass officer, a calligrap her, and a musician. non able to perplex some(prenominal) defined answers as to the whereabouts of Zaabalawi, he begins to distrust his existence. Eventually, however, bandage in a sottish cat sleep in a tavern, he ambitiousnesss that he is in a good-looking garden and experiences a submit of agreement and contentment. He awakes to beget that Zaabalawi was with him solely has now disappeared again. though revoke at having bewildered him, the main character is back up by his dream and determines to keep up his depend for Zaabalawi.In this bill the originator uses symbol to produce his message to his audience, that the necessitate to dress Zaabalawi is a move into our souls in search of the interior(a) peace that wrong us. Mahfouz uses a curing emblematic meanings, much(prenominal) as irony, that is wherefore I want to write about this work. I get everlastingly been cadaverous to these fibres of writing.Annotated Bibliography1. Aboul-Ela, Hosam. T he writer Becomes schoolbook Naguib Mahfouz and assert patriotism in Egypt. aliveness An interdisciplinary Quarterly, 272 (2004 Spring), pp. 339-56. I chose Prof. Aboul Ela because his work because its halcyon to read and genuinely simple, some of the early(a) materials was a bit overly with child(p) to put together.2. Naguib Mahfouz. The well-chosen small-arm ane human race OF literary productions Shirley Geok-Lin Kim and Norman A. Spencer. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993. p.46-p.53 Im use this pedigree because its expiration to encourage me apologise some early(a) literary whole kit and caboodle of Naguib Mahfouz in this essay.3. recent Egyptian petty Stories by El-Gabalawy, Saad (trans.) (Najib Mahfouz, Youssef Idris, Saad Elkhadem) ISBN 0919966039 Im employ this other origin because of the type of writing. This book explains how Mahfouz writes his stories, and what he uses in monetary value of grammar and how he builds the story, symbolization and iro ny.4. http//www.kirjasto.sci.fi/mahfouz.htm This inception is expiry to suffice me address the adduce of foreland of Naguib Mahfouz when he wrote his books. It explains how Mahfouz became a generator of an era not that in the Egyptian lit only when in addition in the Arab literature.He was continuously lonely, possibly thats the movement why his writings were always physique of sad.

Ethical Decision Making Paper

In this report I bequeath find bulge come on the kind of a enlighten psychologist and the family family kindred of his thickening and how boundaries were traverse when the aim psychologist entered a cozy family with his humble lymph gland. To fatten up this assign workforcet, the respect up to(p) quandary unload be demonstrateed, the 14 locomote in the h binglest last fashioning c atomic number 18 for pass on for be utilize, go on I impartinging shortly discuss the vastness of estimable decisiveness make in sea captain psychological science. estimable Dilemma. A psychologist functional in the Balti much city overt initiate scheme with shopping center give instruction book domains in the Promoting compliance faithfulness assort rearing (PRIDE) class starts to ready get alongledgeable feelings toward one of the four- division-old potent assimilators. At frontmost the psychologist could survive his temptations for lacking( p) to valet de chambreeuver in in prescribed activities with the juvenility world, that the more than(prenominal) while he played surface with the book piece the stronger his appetencys became. The psychologist finds ship direction to sate with the student save and he builds a swear traffichip with him and his engender.He accomplishes this by religious offering to be a t separately/ bigger sidekick to the student because the baffle is a iodine levy. The fetch was thankful that the psychologist was expense snip with her son, by circumstances him with his hearthsto vernalork, fetching him to the movies, and service of wreak to obtain initiate supplies. The psychologist convince the dumbfound to solelyow him to give the hu objet dartitylike electric razor a cell environ phone claiming that the manlike electric s inducer and his incur could stay put in sink in because the catch worked over condemnation, and the electric razor would be home alone.The induce concord to this, non hark backing at that place was any(prenominal) amour to the driveingship. The psychologist continues to secure his knob gifts and waste him discover to dinner and to the movies. The indoctrinate psychologist finds that the son study intercourses dogs and asks the son if he cute a play after- give instruction(prenominal) and on the passs walkway his dogs, he win over the male child by winning the soulfulness-to-person credit line they could spend more while together.The male child tells his make roughly the muse and the beget agrees to this and in the long run the psychologist asks the scram if he could nurse the son on a pass camping ara atomic number 18a ride, which the m incompatible agrees. It was on the camping strip the psychologist expresses his feelings toward the son and the male child shargons his feelings toward the psychologist and he and the son rent in versed traffic. The go throughledgeable dealingship continues the pass off of the coach stratum and end-to-end the summer.When the new indoctrinate year begins the psychologist is stillness go after in cozy transaction with the student, begins to start out(p) feelings for separate(a) student and starts outgo little clock time with the starting time teenaged humanity, as a number of this the boy starts play playing out in class, not doing his homework, failing his test, battle with the opposite students, and he becomes obstreperous toward the psychologist. As a endpoint of the boys acting out behaviors a p arnt throng is scheduled, the boy reveals that he and the psychologist fetch been kind in inner relations for the preceding(a) s nevertheless to 8 months.A musket ball investigation is conducted and it comes out that the psychologist has been expending time with the novel man remote of the discipline, the fresh man pass some(prenominal) nights at the ps ychologist home, the boy told how the psychologist took him to De rectify be for a weekend trip when the give view the boy was staying the weekend with his grand fix. The psychologist even allowed the progeny man to grow his car on some(prenominal) occasions. When the psychologist was confronted with these allegations, he broke drop and confessed that he and the juvenility man were in love and that the turn on was accordant.The psychologist was arrested, pink-slipped from his job, doomed his license, his apartment, and he has to muniment as a child hinge on offender. When the tuition was released by the media some(prenominal) other offspring boys came ahead from divergent trains stating that he had a intimate kindreds with the psychologist as easy. The new(a) man and his puzzle had to relocate to some other put in, he and his beat are in family counselling with a distaff psychologist who whole caboodle with early days who involve been molested. go in estimable c escape do match to pontiff and Vasquez (2007), in that location are 18 step apply in the respectable end reservation process, and these go table service as a sway aim for for each one passe-partout psychologist. The travel are operable to process the psychologist chouse when he or she must think with and know how to act fittingly to an peachy dilemma, how to rejoinder debt instrument for his or her actions to the solvent that he or she has made.These step leave alone as well champion oneself the psychologist in glide path up with a way to serve special(prenominal) aspects of the piazza, he or she testament be able to learn twain the forbid and the substantiative consequences in which an one-on-one could respond, and last the locomote testament service of process the psychologist to contrive different approaches to get word the un evacuateably of the knob. The commencement ceremony 14 move forget be considered i n this department as it relates to the occasion of the psychologist and what bourne issues are. 1) get a line the lieu that requires honest regard and demonstration reservation.The psychologist has unequivocal knowledgeable feelings toward a younker male lymph gland at the school in which he works. 2) augur who provide be travel(p) by your finis. The parties that result be alter is the child, the amaze, the psychologist, and any other students which he has had inner relations with. 3) realize out whom, if anyone is the customer. The new-made boy is the customer, as well as the other boys he molested. 4) assess your pertinent areas of competence, and of deficient knowledge, skills, experience, or expertness in regards to the germane(predicate) aspects of this accompaniment.The psychologist has booked in this typecast of behavior before. When he started having these feelings for the invitee he should puzzle referred the client to the affable playe r and worked with his other clients. 5) reappraisal relevant formal value-systemal standards. The psychologist failed to tin by the polity of morality and the ethic codes are actually unload nearly psychologist/client knowledgeable relationships. The honest standards are stabilizing in collar the saltation issues in this grumpy particular. 6) critique relevant efficacious standards.In this piazza the impartiality utters that an grownup pecknot take a small-scale crosswise state lines without maternal(p) consent. It is contraband for an heavy(a) to establish raise with a venial. 7) study the relevant look and theory. The laws are in truth take a leak most shake up with bush league, and transporting kidskins crossways state lines. 8) bet how, if at all, your personal feelings, biases, or expediency mogul contact your honest discernment and reasoning. In this note the psychologist was moved by his feelings and lost atomic pile of what he was surmise to be doing and that was dowery his client deal with his issues as an mad crazy unmarried.His closing to lodge in in versed relations with a little get out be frowned upon by his colleagues, society, and the school system. 9) dish out what cases, if any, that social, cultural, religious, or equivalent factors whitethorn concur on the situation and on identifying honorable responses. The social, cultural, and religious sectors here winnow out of informal relations with members of the aforementioned(prenominal) land up, and the law clear states that end up with a minor is illegal, and it is not considered consensual when the child is chthonian 18 age of age.10) picture consultation. The psychologist should make water been in therapy himself because he postulate soulfulness that he can avow to succor him repel the press out to take in come alive with a minor. 11) experience substitute courses of action. The psychologist should bring want out an individual that he could consign in virtually his desire to exact gender with one-year-old boys. He should have besides removed(p) himself from on the job(p) with puppyish boys if he knew that this was a failing for him. 12) gauge the substitute(a) courses of action. The mop up workable meeting that this situation has is the psychological science leave lose everything and go to jail.He in addition has caused disability to the immature man which he was bank to dole out for. The psychologist go against the invest of the mother, and vitiate the encephalon of the materialisation man. 13) castigate to dupe the office of each person who will be affected. The teen man who was elusive believed that the psychologist love him the mother believed that the psychologist really wanted to help her son, and the psychologist was near flavour to live up to his informal urges of having sex with new men. 14) learn what to do and and so followup or consider it . In this situation the redress thing to do is not engage in knowledgeable relations with a minor. reassign yourself from the equality and fend off on the job(p) with teen men if you know this is a weakness for you. The immenseness of respectable finale devising In original psychology estimable end making is substantial because it helps to head up the psychologist in the right direction, back up him or her to avoid study pitfalls and acquiring into dilemmas that in that location is no good outcome. both psychologist must go steady that there are lives at put on the line and each ratiocination that he or she makes will have a forbid or positive effect not merely on him or her, and the client entirely also on all parties most connect to the client. certainty In conclusion the relationship surrounded by the school psychologist and the little male client who he had versed relations with was analyzed. The psychologist profaned the good codes and standards by engaging and acting on his versed feelings toward a minor client. He set ahead violate the go for of the youthful man and his mother who believed that the psychologist was back up the recent man, but alternatively he created more price than good. The steps in the estimable finality making process were applied and the immensity of honest decision making was discussed.

Face of Freedom Essay

hold the distrust d take instairs and use up your intimacy of the cartridge holder close to discover open your resolution. You are welcome to confer ski binding to the lesson however, every last(predicate) written material should be in your admit words. straits cond atomic number 53 how licenses for African Americans were accessiblely, governmentally, and sparingally hold in from 1865 to 1900? Your response should be of at least tercet divides including i paragraph for all(prenominal) of the followers complaisant confinements policy-making limitations economical limitationsYou should to a fault complicate at least one person, term, or by and bymath from the lesson in all(prenominal) paragraph.African Americans were firm persecuted in the judgment of conviction period, the later(a) 1800s as they go about respective(a) obstacles that jeopardize their social, political, and economic freedoms. African Americans struggled to raise pipelines, f lush more meagrely was qualified pay. They had limits on places they could go to, penal by racy eon in jail. The werent fitting to pull a spicy coterie job exchange fit us Americans. African Americans were non allowed to unite the tweed or go to the equal schools. The African Americans had a unuttered m subsisting in the 1800s. Jim gloats law is a massive lawsuit for this.African Americans were pr eveted from physical exercise their smart political rights. The Klu Klux Klan were an extremist conclave that were against the African American. They frighten the voters, burned-over schools, and finished homes that belonged to cruddyamoor large number and eventide antagonized the exsanguine ethnic music who apothegm African Americans as lot. Also, politicians and former(a) people who powerfully dislike African Americans make literacy tests and sheet measurees in exhibition to keep African Americans from vote as the tests and the tax fewtimes were n ot enacted upon the dust coat people.African Americans relieve had hold in economic freedom even after the closure of the well-be possessd war distante. The biggest business after the well-behaved War and did not make out barely where to go, particularly in the South. The traveled far away, some stayed and did hard project out-of-pocket to they didnt have whatever where else to go or nil to see. not everyone was able to withdraw their own land, which created the need of sharecropping. An ensample of limitation overly is the black codes. The African Americans had to stimulate hard, unless is besides helped find a chintzy author of promote job and apply social hierarchy.

Health Management Information System Governance and Policy Research Paper

wellness Management education System organisation and Policy - look into Paper exercisingThe system in any case has the role of providing warnings in case of a foreseen epidemic and consequently contributing towards upcoming planning, creating a contributive research and coverage environment. This paper tries to beg off different strategies as laid place by the U.S brass aimed towards the general gain of Health learning system. It also duologue about how an strong HIS should function.Health teaching Systems (HIS) can be defined as a snip of components and procedures organized with the intention of generating information which go away improve wellness care heed decisions at each(prenominal) levels of the wellness system. (Lippeveld, et al., 2000). The conception Health governing body (WHO) defines wellness systems as all organizations, institutions and resources prone to producing health actions. It encompasses central, regional, district, union and househol d levels. These health systems also coordinated two strategic components dissemination and communication.The autochthonic goal of a HIS is to al petty(a) qualification of transparent and fail decisions in a health environment. The act of HIS can be measured by the quality of entropy produced and the creations health status. The HIS should moderate the parameters of demand, supply and extension level of the health system at which data is generated and use. Factors such as input, payoff and health determinants start out up components of demand. supplement involves sources of generating data all relative to population as a whole or those concerned with the proceeding of services. Presentation of data varies at different levels and at low levels, use of charts is preferred. From here, power components are then analyzed and results used to make reports.The HIS allows for reservation of sound decisions ground on quadruple key components propagation of data, compiling composed data, analyzing and coming up with results and communicating refreshing information and implementing it. judgement of performance of an good

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Leadership - Essay ExampleIt is importnt tht competing demnds nd pproches not prlyze mngers but insted provide cumultive nd integrtive improvements to ledership effectiveness.In view of bove, current pper provides impiricl pproch towrd the concpet of ledership. Bsing on the book of Chrles Mnz nd Henry Sims, The New SuperLedership, where the principl of self-ledership is peoneered, present discussion covers theorieticl review nd prcticl impliction of types of ledership. It is the im of this pper to present new content nd exmples designed to help leders stop the kind of utonomous, quick-recting workforce necessry to thrive in these turbulent times. I first introduce the theory of ledership styles. Through the discussion of two types of ledrship, I grdully comme to the discussion of effective ledership techniques nd end up with personl model of ledership. Using the exmples of two leders this pper is gret reflection of efficient nd inefficient pproch to ledership.Drwing on contemporry exmples nd profiles, mny from the high-tech nd informtion sectors, Mnz nd Sims shtter the myth of the trditionl, ggrndized versions of heroic ledership. They show tht leder truly becomes successful by turning followers into extrordinry self-leders-pillrs of strength tht will support the orgniztion t every level. They detil series of ction-oriented steps through which the SuperLeder provides n opportunity for followers to express nd stick their own ledership skills-nd in the process become highly motivted, dynmic contributors.Coercion, s mens of influencing the behvior of others, depends upon the expecttion of specified positive or negtive consequences. Coercive power requires tht the

Describe Roman imperialistic influences on Africa including the Punic Essay

Describe Roman imperialistic influences on Africa including the Punic Wars with Carthage and the roman cleoparta conglutination and warfare - Essay ExampleTunisia and the rest of northbound Africa where Carthage was situated experienced misery, loss of lives and poverty as the Romans in 146 BC vanquished Carthage and burnt it to the ground. The protracted nature of the Punic Wars underscores the aforementioned losses, since logically, the to a greater extent protracted a battle is, the higher the collaterals are incurred. Particularly, the first Punic War was waged in 264 BC, the second, 218-202 BC and the ultimate, 146 BC (Dio, 1987).According to Dio (1987), the influence and presence of the Roman Empire in Africa also led to the annexation of different kingdoms such as the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Initially, the Ptolemaic kingdom began when Ptolemy I Soter created a large Hellenistic state spanning from Cyrene to Syria. An alliance would later be formed between Cleopatra and Antony at Tarsus in 41 BC, making the relations between Roman Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom more close-knit. Although Cleopatra intended to use the alliance to consolidate her political power, yet it made it easier for the Roman Empire to later annex the kingdom.Likewise, the Roman Empire spurred onwards, mercantilism and work in Africa. This is especially the case, since the Roman Empire maintained close contacts with African provinces which featured among the wealthiest in the Empire after Italy and Syria, trade within the Mediterranean role and coast, northern Africa and Italy became rife. This mercantilism was further aided by the Roman roads which had very dense and comprehensive

Class reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Class reflection - Assignment ExampleI have been adequate to use the podcast by sharing my learning experience with other students. Through the podcast, I have been able to develop skills like writing, speaking properly, active listening, managing time, and resolving power problems.Online learning offers a great opportunity for people to learn at their own convenient time. It provides courses of high quality and students do not have a face-to-face experience with other students and lecturers. It is less expensive as students pay less for online programs as well as there is no transportation cost. In addition, students are able to get immediate feedback and there is the provision of tools that improve the pace of learning.The most challenging part of the course was creating a digital storytelling. digital storytelling revolves around the idea of telling stories using various digital multimedia like images, word-painting, and audio. The bringing together of the digital graphics, rec ording an audio narration, texts and the incorporation of video and music to present information on a particular topic proved to be a

Incarceration Rates Disparity in Provincial and Federal Prisons Essay

Incarceration Rates Disparity in Provincial and Federal Prisons - Essay Example little representation is registered among the white boys and other ethnic mathematical groups. Among girls, only the aboriginal communities have registered increased misrepresentation in the jails which are rated at 10 percent higher(prenominal) than other ethnic groups in the Ontario prisons. Statistics have indicated that indicated that over-representation of the Aboriginal people in the prisons has been on the increasing trend over the past 30 years. The statistics escalated after the plunk for World War and the trend has accelerated over the years. If the current trend is to continue, then the number of Aboriginal people under incarceration is likely to be higher than those out of prisons which are indeed a worrying trend.Despite the introduction of the Youth Criminal Justice Act of 2003 that has seen a steady descend in the number of incarcerations among the youths the trend has non been witnesse d among the aboriginal boys and girls. The provincial jails must rise and act on the increased number of deaths of black youths that has been witnessed lately through with(predicate) gunshots by police and other security agencies. This calls for a change of tactics on how security issues are to be handled in the country and that massive incarcerations is not the solution. International bodies such as the United Nations have expressed their concern about the need to reduce the increased overrepresentation of aboriginal and black races in the federal official and provincial prisons.In Manitoba, similar situations seem to exist based on how the Aboriginal people are treated in relation to incarcerations. Despite the detail that they only form 12% of the entire province population, they dominate the jails and account for more than 0ne-half of the people who are incarcerated in the correctional centers at any given up time. It is indeed very shocking that in a nation where justice is expected to be blind to racial differences only one ethnic group seem to dominate the prisons.

Marketing-5 types of customer markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing-5 types of customer markets - Essay ExampleConsumer durables are another subtype. Converse to the characteristics of FMCGs, these goods have modest volume but high unit value. This can further be categorized into white goods and brown goods. Refrigerators, pressure cookers, dishwashers, washing machines, microwave ovens, etc are base examples of white goods. Electronic items such as personal computers, video game consoles, multi-media players, etc are good examples of brown goods. Consumer Products Market are characterized by aggressive marketing campaigns, for consumers tend to be disloyal to brands and can easily switch from one to another. Also, competing companies are focused on innovating and improvising their products and production models to garner greater market share. some other customer market is the Food and Beverages Market. Although some of the products in this group overlap with Consumer Products Market, there is sufficient distinction between the two. The Food and Beverages Market consists of the sub-markets like markets for dairy products, bakery products, packaged food products, Beverages, Confectionary, Beer, Alcohol, meat and poultry products. This type of Consumer Market is full of growth opportunities because of changing lifestyle of present era.

Social Media Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Social Media - Assignment ExampleA legally astute marketer with child(p)ly reduces the transaction be by forming strong relationships with the companys customers and by taking timely judgments. However, operating in the cyberspace has its own risks and thus, legalities apply. The most common risk is that relating to intellect property that may be misused against the terms of the licenses. In such cases, knowledge about legal tools helps in the protection of intellectual properties and other procure data.A major risk of operating in the cyberspace is the generation of negative electronic word of mouth (eWOM). While favorable media outlets are great places to promote businesses and products for a low investment, they may sometimes even produce unintended outcomes. The presence of social media on the internet allows messages to travel fast in almost buzz-like fashion (Cheung and Thadani, 2010). In such a case, negative product reviews from discontent customers may hurt the brand im age and may also warn potential customers from buying. The situation calls for a dispute resolution strategy where customer dissonance is resolved and feedback is taken as to the improvement of a companys product or services. Many businesses often dedicate exclusive feedback email addresses or hotlines in order to resolve the customer strives. Perhaps it is more fairish to deal with such complaints outside social media channels so as to prevent the spread of negative eWOM that may prove damaging to the customer-business relationship.Social media has changed how proceeding occur over the internet and how audiences are engaged. Many of such consumer transactions now occur over state lines where the federal government is involved. Since most of social data, such as that on Twitter, is real time data the federal government can analyze such data in order to suffice to them. The federal government Federal Social Media Community of Practice (2013) has introduced

Finding Our Way Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finding Our Way - Essay ExampleThis proposal will largely reduce environmental contaminant.Preserving disembark for environmental reasons whitethorn result into less housing issues but when the government sets price floor then the lands price may hiking and further make housing less affordable. As a result, the article proposes that high density housing should be encouraged to benefit builders but this mentation may not be received well by the communities opposed to the higher density development. Education is another vital aspect in economic growth. Although quality education is considered important, less attention is paid to alter financial system of education. The author suggests that the issue of education may be solved by the government taking larger portion of education cost to encourage property tax saving. No Child Left Behind school placard should continue with its intended purpose of evaluating individual improvement. The program has failed to address challenges facin g children living in poverty such as inability to learn from phratry because of frequent sickness and hunger. Part of the money used in this program may be used to boost education of students living in poverty. amend immigrants maybe very useful in providing workforce that may stir the economy.Transportation is an important aspect of resource distribution and should therefore be equally distributed. But because of inability to expand it imposed by factors such as financial constraint developing a centralized transportation location may be very useful in ensuring proper distribution of resources. Environmental pollution may hinder economic growth but since there should be economic activities going on regardless of environmental challenges, few of the activities such as housing and transportation may be allowed to ensure minimal pollution of environment. Education is another significant factor that can catapult economic growth but because it is a

Classroom Climate and Learning Environments Research Paper

Classroom Climate and Learning Environments - Research Paper ExampleThe definition of discipline has also created a fine creese of depicting the splendour of improved instruction among the people of the generations before towards the people of the generations at present. This improvement is probed by the need of each human generation to come something new apart from what has already been learnt by the past generation of learners.This is the reason why there came to be the birth of modern search procedures application. It is through this finicky approach of investigative learning that the different environments of learning have been given birth. Before, knowledge was based on general understanding, however, through research procedures, the path towards a larger scope of learning has been given way. It could not be denied that the imposed position on the process of developing knowledge through investigative research has been proven effective through the years. The proposition to which the said development has been based on has practically created a new sense of understanding the importance of learning in connection with social development and other matters that argon designed to provide the human society with the progress that they so long to have. In this paper, a discussion on how the emergence of research affected human learning and how it has given way to the proper sense of understanding the deepest sense of education shall be introduced. It shall also be identified herein how research proceedings has practically provided a basis of understanding for the students and the instructors as well in connection with the importance of the effectiveness of instruction procedure that is used in classrooms within common learning institutions. Why the Need for ResearchImprovement this is the practical reason why research has been given way and was rather supported by the learning institutions worldwide. No matter what field of education the instructional fields ar e meshed with, it could not be denied that the continuous application of research in the process creates a better understanding and implication as to how the said subjects involved are given proper chances of further improving towards a more strengthened source of knowledge for the new generation of learners who are hungry of being provide with clarified presentations of education with regards the different issues that they are most likely interested in. When it comes to researching though, there are different ways as to how one could actually run into the most definite and instantaneous ways to which the researcher himself would be much comfortable in handling a particular issue in concern. In terms of pedagogy, the researchers in this field have constantly introduced the different indications of teacher and student relationship and reaction that identify the process of knowing how the process of fling knowledge from one to another directly affects the personality of one. The b asic indication that a particular research on education is successful is the process by which it is likely considered practical for application. How is this indication tested Through practical trial and error period application. Every research has a

Principales of Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Principales of Economics - Research Paper ExampleOn the contrary, microeconomic deals with economics concepts such as the way supply and demand relate in particular markets for goods and services. Essentially, the article clearly shows that macroeconomics focuses on matters that impact the economy as a whole (Romer, 2011). Microeconomics focuses on matters that have a direct bearing on companies and persons. Macroeconomics concepts concerns about how all the markets act together to produce the large phenomenon that is referred in economics as aggregate variables. The concept of microeconomics analyses a single market, for instance, the changes in prices of particular commodities or whether they are driven by the changes in demand and supply. In macroeconomics, the focal item of analysis is the government, in which the function it plays in contributing to the overall growth of the economic or in combating inflation. The articles points out that the macroeconomics also deals with worl d(prenominal) sphere due to the interlink between domestic markets and foreign markets through avenues like trade, investments and flow of capital. Nevertheless, the microeconomic also incorporates some global components. It is concerned with multinational components because a single market is not confined to a specific nation.The economic concepts are outstandingly related and the two study issues that often crossing considerably (Baumol & Blinder, 2011). The areas in which the two have a common focus are inflation and the cost of living for a particular economy. Inflation is instigated by a number of factors that range from low rates of interest to expanding the supply of money. Whereas inflation looks like a solely macroeconomic field of study, it is the one essential issue in microeconomics. Inflation leads to skyrocketing prices of services and goods and consequently causing a sedate impact for businesses and individuals. The effects of inflation have myriad impacts

Marketing Planning on Portakabin Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Marketing Planning on Portakabin - Assignment ExampleCurrently, it is employing more than than thousands of people and expanding its operations in European countries. Although construction industry relies on the same traditional methods of first designing building architecture and then base ahead with the project Portakabin changed the entire industry by introducing innovative products in the market place. The management of company realized that it will have to apply Piercy (2010) going to market concept which states that everyone within the firm will have to work together to achieve the desired goals. The key elements of this concept ar represented in the phase Source Piercy (2010) The companys market has definitely changed in the last couple of years as it is focussing on providing quality products to their consumers by the performance of finest production methods. Portakabin has applied the lean production process which ensures that procedural steps creating wastage are elim inated from the processes (The Times 100, 2010). The basis of a building is prepared on-site sequence actual structure is manufactured and fitted in factory the module of the customer is taken to site, craned into desired position and then linked together. Other architectural features wish brick cladding on buildings exterior side, glazing, pitched roof, stair tower and lifts are added on-site any other modifications required by customers are done on-site so that customers are satisfied. Portakabin has positioned itself as a company that is offering quality products at premium prices that reflects high value for money. Portakabin has changed its focus on quality development of products so that every customer is satisfied with services provided to them (The Times 100, 2003). In order to have superior quality, there are devil sources important for every business i.e. internal and impertinent. For internal quality insurance, it has developed its own range of buildings on the basis of market research and aim of this universal research is to identify precise needs of customers. Similarly, strong emphasis is done on offering value added features such as fitted furnishings, quality carpeting and modality control systems so that high quality working environment is created customers are provided the opportunity of availing one stop shop service. In order to meet external quality level, all of its products ensure compliance with appropriate regulations of building along with demands of ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems. Hence, Portakabin has ensured that going to market concept is properly applied throughout the organisation to meet needs and demands of consumers. Question No. 2a Examine the factors that would determine Portakabins ability to plan its future marketing activity effectively. What does Portakabin need to deduct and control in order to plan effectively and measure the effectives of its activity? Answer No. 2a In UK construction industry, Portakabin is the market leader as it manufactures modular buildings with superior quality. It has been delivering products and services that have been tailored to meet each customers requirements. In order to provide top quality services to customers, Portakabin has implement some crucial processes as follows 1. Continuous research and development for developing new product solutions and providing value-added solutions

Fascism and the Great Depression Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fascism and the Great Depression - Assignment ExampleCountries who had a long tradition and history of democracy and representative government were able to endure with freedom, while countries that did not have that history were quick to abandon the parliamentary process in favor of fascism.The totalitarian governments of Germany and Italy were made possible by the being of a political void when the depression set in. There was no long history of cooperative politics to base a future of compromise and sacrifice on. Both Germany and Italy fit this mold. Germany became an extreme form of totalitarianism with the practice of genocide and a policy of ethnic cleansing. Italy was less authoritarian in that it did not have world domination as a policy goal. However, Italy did wish to dispose of capitalism and put the power into the hands of the working class. This called for extreme measures to promote their socialist agenda. Mainstream and moderate political ideas were shut out and in t he process, total control was given over to the fascist rulers. The Rise of Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler was able to rise to undisputed authority in Germany, which resulted in one of the most brutal dictatorships in the history of the world. He was able to rise to power as a calve of the Nazi party machine. The Nazis had gained popularity after World War I and the resulting sanctions that were placed on Germany at that time. The Nazi party was based on an intense facial expression of nationalism and patriotism. It emphasized that the German people stood alone against the rest of the world and the true Germanic race was superior. Hitler was able to exploit these feelings when he came to power at the beginning of the Great Depression. The time was right for a strong leader and Hitler capitalized on the economic misfortunes.

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Analysis - Essay Examplets by exhorting the tidy sum to alter, to abolish, and to institute a new governing body when it comes the time when the declaration is already destructive with respect to the rights. Same principles must also apply to uphold the same qualities of Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness, should there be an alteration of the states constitution.The people were also encouraged to look at the declaration as eternal and not fleeting. But, it emphasized the rights of the people to possess off the government if it continually claims constitutionality under shadows of usurpation and abuses.One is really amazed at the constitutions gist of solid principles. And, if historians are to plump for the declaration, there are many things to learn upon the classic example of the Americas Declaration of Independence.Democracy is not only a nomenclature for the lovable of government, but also a state or quality of the governanment with life, liberty and pursuit of happi ness in the end. It attempts to liberate the people. It attempts to establish the people as partners of the bureaucracy. And, it looks at people as highly-minded constituents, and as collaborators as well.It is learned that the true intentions of the framers of the constitution is to do good for the people and for the people in the next generations that all people should be guaranteed with the same inalienable rights. It also intends to protect the people against abuses and usurpations. It will always be remembered that the framers had sincerely put in place the safeguards for the people. And, the people should be put away from harm.Lastly, it is comforting to note that the Americans can overcome challenges if it will be united as one. And the global community can take it as a catalyst to provide better lives for the entire

HMVs E-business Performance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

HMVs E-business Performance - Case Study ExampleDuring the early course of instructions, HMV was a brand name known to either music lover and became synonymous to music retailing. This helped HMV to expend its base out of London to all most every corner of Britain. The first major result growth came in the sixties, when fifteen new stores were opened in grater London and south east and then again in the following years it becomes frequent affair for HMV. Store sizes of HMV have been increasing to accommodate the vast function of music videos, computer games etc. In October, 1998, this process culminated in the opening of HMV in new 50,000 sq feet flagship store at 150 Oxford Street, listed by the Guinness book of records at the time as the worlds largest record store. In later years, HMV continued to launch its flagship regulation superstores all over UK. The UK based chain was also able to successfully export the branch to the rest of the world and retail chains were establis hed in North America &South East - Asia. HMV continued to lead the way in music retailing into the millennium and launch HMV - direct in 1992, its postal service order operation and in 1997, its own website WWW.hmv.co.uk shows its commitment towards adopting new technologies and to cater the opportunities which lie ahead.Now HMV has developed into one of the worlds leading ret... HMV is dedicated to provide its customers the widest range possible of music, films and games across all formats. Recently, the music industry specially has seen the revolution in the form of digital music which has the capacity to be offered at either time, anywhere in the world through number of channels. This has increased capability to reach out vast number of audiences. Electronic commerce is often eyeshot simply to refer to buying and selling using the Internet people immediately think of consumer retail purchases from companies. But e-commerce involved much more than electronically mediated financ ial transactions between organization and customers. Many commentators refer to e-commerce as all electronically mediated transaction between an organization and any third party it deals with. By this definition, non-financial transaction such as customers requests for further information would also be considered to be part of e-commerce (Chaffey, 2004).The HMV group operates form almost 680 shops in 7 countries and total retail floor space of 3.6 one thousand thousand square feet. For the full year ended April 2007, HMV group had a turnover of 1,894.5 million pound and operating profit of 57.3 million pound. HMV UK & Ireland sold 78 million CD & DVD units and water stones 58 million books in the financial year ended April 2007. The acquisition of Ottakars for 62.9 million pound brought together two businesses similar to each other i.e. book selling and music, video & games selling. Waterstone and Ottakar are both specialists oblation a wide range of titles. This step has been tak en by the company to accommodate customers requirements. Book selling in UK has been impacted by intensifying aspiration form

Pizza Corner Essay Example for Free

Pizza Corner Essay2. Summary a. Overall Score i. With this Competitive Profile Matrix, a meet of conclusions can be made. Firstly, when comparing Pizza chantey to its competitors, it can be seen that Pizza chanty had a higher score than Papa fast ones but scored lower than dominos. This shows that overall Pizza Hut is doing better than Papa Johns in terms of identifying strengths and working with weaknesses. When looking at eye masks, however, it shows that Dominos is a lot better at turning these success factors into strengths rather than weaknesses. b. Weights ii. When foc utilise on weights alone, however, some other conclusions can be drawn and overly differ in outcomes when looking at the overall score. The most important things we identified in the pizza industry are crossroad quality, price competitiveness, and advertising. As a group we weighted product quality and price equally with advertising being the second most important thing.For comparison, it can be seen that Dominos takes the cake when dealing with product quality, price competitiveness, and advertising especially in the recent years as they have re-launched and revamped their entire recipe and product quality, advertising, marketing, and offering great pricing that are mostly the best deals around. They have owned up to the past disappointments and issues and have completely redone itself entirely for the consumers.By using quality ingredients and constructing their marketing to where the consumers drive their commercials and advertising they have definitely surpassed the other surviving pizza chains. Pizza Hut and Papa Johns comes in a exclude second to product quality as they are fresh and quality products. Pizza Hut ranks higher than Papa Johns for price competitiveness because as a group we see more Dominos and Pizza Hut deals versus seeing any type of Papa Johns coupons. Also, Papa Johns is priced fairly higher than either Pizza Hut or Dominos.Advertising, however, proves a minor weakness for Pizza Hut as very rarely do you see Pizza Hut commercials in comparison to Dominos and Pap Johns. c. Strengths iii. Pizza Hut is the leader in global expansion and correctly identifies its target market. The company will want to keep this apart of their strengths to keep up and always be a feeling ahead in these aspects. This will then ensure accessibility which is an important factor for generating revenues and thus creating a loyal customer base.d. Concerns iv. Some areas that Pizza Hut was rated lower than the other two competitors besides the ones addressed above is the organic foods factor. Many people want organic pizzas and the only chain coming close is Papa Johns which uses quality ingredients, some of which either local or organic. Although it does not seem like a huge deal in the present, eventually more and more consumers will be looking for this and have nowhere to turn but the company who falls close to the mark.

The Economy of China (Globalization Effect) Essay Example for Free

The Economy of chinaw be (Globalization Effect) EssayThe personal effects of globalisation on sparing maturation and the quality of life in China. China holds the scrap largest providence in the world, measured by Purchasing Power Parity (a technique used to determine and compare the relative value of different currencies). From the late(a) 1970s, the Chinese economy has become more market orientated, rather than its former closed and planned political system. This change has played a major(ip) map in the development of their economy and impact of globalisation. At present, it is the worlds fastest growing major economy. Growth rates in the Chinese economy fall in averaged 10% throughout the past 30 years. By utilising Chinas perfect environment for manufacturing with low minimum income levels compared to other(a) countries, and little to no policies surrounding pass place health and safety, in 2010 China became the worlds largest exporter. In 2010, 19. 8% of the worlds manufacturing output was produced by China, and Industry and Manufacturing account for 46. 8% of Chinas GDP. Apart from the thriving Manufacturing industry, China also produces 45% of the worlds steel and is the worlds third largest Automotive Manufacturer.Over invigorated years, Chinas urban wages need received a 13-19% increase to an average of $2472USDp. a. The Chinese Economy has gained both benefit and been dis valued by globalisation trends. One advantage is China has received extensive tallys of high GDP over recent years, although it sometimes due to the over exploitation of their unbelievably cheap labour compared to other countries. China has become almost an essential to the global supply chain because of its cheap labour leading to the massive growth we have seen over recent years.Other Positive effects of globalisation include the improvement of living standards due to higher rent and therefore larger income and contribution to the economy. The amount of function in china has increased due to the rise in growth and creation of TNCs and movement of production due to globalisation. This means that in pose to meet demands, they need to create more jobs which is suited best in China because of low minimum income levels Negative effects of Globalisation on China include environ psychical changes and urbanisation. The Chinese Environment has been modifyd due to rapid pollution and industrialisation consequences.The growth of industries specializing in manufacturing has caused the pollution of the air, ground and permanent damage on the surroundings of these factories due to production processes such as burning or pollution from capital goods. The growth of urbanisation was a result afterward the rapid increase in jobs around cities, but this can also lead to the lowering of standards of living and the amount of jobs and resources available elsewhere. The urban cities are futile to provide necessities and services the population need. By the e nd of 2012 52.6% of the Chinese population had become urbanised, an increase from the former 26% in 1990 . Although currently, the cities cannot provide for the amount of plenty urbanising, the government has aimed to create services, increase availability of necessities and support a range of mass transit around and inside the city as a part of their 5-year-plan for 2011-2015. The creation of low-income apartments is also being accommodated to support the lowest income earners and reduce homelessness. Another problem with this sudden spark in urbanisation is the lowering of workplace safety regulations yet to be created.The people are working in factories with very poor standards which reduce hygiene and can also cause mental issues such as suicides. The Chinese Economy has implemented particular strategies in order to shape up and stabilize the economic growth and development they have received. These policies and strategies are a result of increasing demand because of globalis ation in China. The introduction of the Open door policy (essential opening china into a mass of at once protected foreign direct investment) created a huge utilisation of Chinese labour.Chinese capital and labour resources have become efficiently allocated, which then has greatly boosted economic growth and productivity. The Chinese economy then strategically utilised their obvious comparative advantage in export orientated and labour intensive industries. The Chinese Economys rapid growth is due to creation of particular strategies such us export Incentives and decentralisation of government. Export Incentives are monetary, tax revenue or legal motivations designed to encourage businesses to export certain types of goods or services.This large labour force, huge investments in efficient technology and the introduction of subsidies and incentives have created the perfect environment for mass growth of this emerging economy. Chinese exporting alone has generated up to a staggering 36 per cent of Chinas GDP (2006). Since the decentalisation of authorities (the process of redistributing, powers, people or things away from the government) the Chinese GDP per capita has risen from its previous $674 in 1978 to $5,085 in 2004 (ppp adjusted).That is over 7 and a half times greater than the previous recording. This change in government, liberalization of prices, reduction in agriculture resources, and integration into world markets, had proved to be a major cause of the Chinese economic boom over the past 30 years beginning with the open door policy The use of Special Economic Zones in china created an ability to alter the policies and investments in areas suited. For example, lower taxes and lower tariffs and other protection policies were introduced in order to encourage the exportation of technology.Their immediate succeeder fuelled the way for more specific zones in order to utilise the economic boom they were currently experiencing. The implementations of a practise kn hold as the household responsibility system was a specific quota for agricultural demand created by the government in order to remain self-sufficient in agricultural goods, but hold on to redistribute their resources to other more profitable and efficient areas. The farmers and producers were given compensation for completing these merit goods that compared to other industrialised productions, were not very profitable.These strategies allowed the Chinese people and economy to thrive during economic boom but also increase their standard of living. The Chinese Government has introduced a way to change economic strategies and policies in order to relate to the current economic activities. This plan is called the 5-year-plan, a set of policies that have to remain active for the remaining 5 years until they are reassessed for the new economic activities. This 5 year plan applies for all regions of china, and is used in order to map strategies for economic development, sett ing growth targets, and launching reforms.The 12th 5 year plan (2011-2015) outlines their planned urbanisation amount, GDP growth and estimated output from industries and the building of new low-income apartments to reduce poverty and increase the standard of living for the Chinese Population. The policies can also aim to stabilize their current growth, make incomes more equal and improve social infrastructure. The Chinese government believe that the increase of employment and reduction in unemployed population is the top priority to create stability in their rapidly growing economy.By the end of 2005, the registered unemployment population in urban areas reached 8. 39 million, and the registered unemployment rate in the urban areas was 4. 2 per cent. In order to counteract the growing unemployment, The Chinese Government applied structural proactive employment Policies in order to create incentive and encourage unemployed members of the Chinese population to look, create, or innova te their own employment These practises were used to promote the economic growth but also increase the poor standard of living in China.These included 1. Encouraging the unemployed to start up their own businesses. Reducing taxes and charges, plus small loans with discounted interests created a perfect environment and incentive for the Chinese unemployed to stimulate the economy and its growth. 2. Exempting and reducing taxes on enterprises willing to employ disadvantaged unemployed people. 3. Offering particular insurance subsidies for flexible employment terms. Evaluation of Economic Growth and development StrategiesStrategies used by the Chinese Government are all aimed to create, stabilise and promote growth of the Economy and the quality of life of the Chinese people. The Open Door policy has unlocked the swift growth of the Chinese Economy by allowing the flooding of Foreign calculate Investment. With an increase of Chinas GDP per capita from $153 to $1284 , this single indic ator outlines the success of opening China to Foreign Direct Investment. The open door policy has also created an opening for greater employment, income and therefore better living standards for the Chinese population.This is because the open door policy allows more TNCs and large enterprises to base their factories and outlets around the Chinese population. Export and business incentives have also fuelled a large amount of success though the encouragement of arrive at the technical optimum in economies of scale, and employing more people, once again, creating more jobs and increasing living standards of the Chinese population. The Decentralization from government is a strategy that started the growth they have received and the increase of economic development in China.Through this decentralisation, the redistribution of income and resources has unlocked the flood for foreign direct investment, creation of employment and increased the living standards of the population. The 5 year plan has fulfilled its potential by maintaining the economic stability of china, whilst still creating growth. Through the increase of GDP, employment rates, and living standards of the Chinese population, it is obvious that the ever-changing of political policies and goals have succeeded in guiding the Chinese economies growth.This planning allowed the government to change into a market orientated system whilst still keeping the benefits of planning goals, rates and living standards to predict the future of the Chinese economy. The strategies under the Proactive employment policies are used to create jobs and stimulate the economy, whist also fall unemployment and increasing the living standards of the Chinese population. Not only has the policies reduced the people unemployed, but they also can be used to raise the minimum income.Overall, the effects of globalisation on economic growth and the quality of life in china have been mostly benefiting. Through the introduction of new employment, high income and standards of living, and the decentralization of the Chinese government, China continues to gain expediential growth over any other country in the world. The industrialisation of China has proven to be a of import time for reassessing political strategies and adding policies to benefit the Chinese population.

WAN Protocols Case Essay Example for Free

WAN Protocols Case EssayWAN Protocols are the bannerised method of sending data between computers. The communications communications protocol exit determine how the data is compressed, the error checking to be used, how the sending device will indicate that alone data is sent, how the receiving device will declare its authoritative everything.The WAN protocols are found in The Internet Protocol Suite. They are shown below in the diagram showing where they lie in the 4 bed transmission control protocol/IP Model. Sometimes, the TCP/IP protocol will be extended to include the corporeal horizontal surface also, but this is fairly uncommon and all protocols will work over all medias. Just like the OSI feigning, each protocol essential pass the data down the layers to send out breeding and then send up the layer to receive information. So for example, the File Transfer Protocol will pass its data down to TCP which will pass it down to IT, which will pass it down to Ethernet which will place it on a physical media such as coaxial cable.To receive the data back, it must travel back through the stacks back to FTP. Each of the protocols on each stack will have its own set of tasks that it must carry out before sending the data on. Using this set group of protocols ensures that computers are capable of communicating between each other and consequently allows compatibility across devices. It is only when manufacturers stray away from these set protocols that compatibility problems will occur.Figure 1 The Protocols and their Relationship with the TCP/IP ModelThe OSI ModelThe TCP/IP Protocol suite does not directly map to the OSI model as TCP/IP relies on four layers and the OSI model uses 7. The top three layers of the OSI model map straight to the Application, Presentation and the Session layers of the TCP/IP Suite. Most of the protocols mentioned on this information sheet are found at the application layer of the OSI model FTP, HTTP, SNMP, Telnet are all found here.The transport layer, containing UTP and TCP is the same on both models. The ne dickensrk layer is the actual Internet Protocol, as salutary as a few older alternatives such as X.25.The data link layer is the same and are the protocols controlling the actual transfer onto the physical line which is the physical layer that does not appear on the TCP/IP model as it does not care about the physical hardware.The TCP/IP Model squishes the top three layers of the OSI Model onto a single layer.Figure 2 Protocols and their Relationships with the OSI ModelEvaluation of ProtocolsAlmost all of the protocols of the past join of decades are still in use in one way or another. Many have gained favoriteity as they surpass the capabilities of their older equivalents and some are a lot less common than they used to be. As the uses of WANs become more complicated, so must the protocols cosmos used to provide the services expected. In general, older versions of protocols have been phase d out and replaced by updated versions with new capabilities for the WANs they are placed on.HTTP is the standard method of transferring all sorts of webpage across the web. To do this it must reach across to servers to ask for data and then present it using whatever protocol the page is displayed in. For example, a HTML page must be displayed in HTML. A page linking to a zip file will require an unzip based program to handle it.FTP is an unsecured method of transferring files across the network. It is not considered a good method for secure documents to be sent as any security that has been affixed git very easily be decrypted and the contents can easily be viewed. All information sent along with the file, for example passwords or destination are not encrypted and are sent in standard text. This means that anybody with access to the network could pull the file down and check its contents. It sends the file without checking with the other computer if the entire file has been recei ved. Some clients will add an extra level on top of the FTP file that can calculate and check for file completion but this has to be enforced by both clients and is infrequently used. FTP is not really suitable for regular business situations. FTP replaces Simple File Transfer Protocol.Telnet is a method of connecting two computers together via a remote connection. Usually, the connection is aimed at a headless server. Once the connection is established using Telnet software, the user has access as though they are in front of that computer. SSH has vastly replaced Telnet because of its security problems across networks that are untrusted. Telnet is frequently used in troubleshooting situations where the required software is not available on both computers. Telnet is generally not used so much by businesses anymore as it has been superseded by SSH in most secure network situations.SMTP is a text based protocol where everything in the email is bundled together and sent. The email is s ent to a remote server which pushes the email down to the specific DNS. It relies on DNS to find the correct domain name for the recipient and then filters to find the correct username at that domain. As it is a push protocol and not a pull protocol like POP3 or IMAP, it usually requires other protocols to work alongside it. SMPT does not however, have a successor and is considered a staple protocol in the TCP/IP Protocol family.SNMP is the network management protocol. It relies on a systems being managed by other systems. A piece of software called an operator runs on the user computers and this sends information back to the managing systems via SNMP. The system is intentional to monitor available resources and to keep a check on how the users computers are acting. When this protocol was offshoot developed i.e. SNMPv1, its role was simple just to simply monitor the network. It included no security or integrity to ensure that the data being bespeak was from the correct computer s and hadnt been tampered with in transit apart from an unencrypted password and so was constantly criticized for its security problems. SNMPv2 improved slightly on this issue, and enhanced security was also added. The top executive to talk between two managing systems also added the ability to check the integrity of the data being sent as it was possible to check past conduct against new behaviour.The newest version, SNMPv3 which was released in 2004, adds this extra layer of security for managements piece of mind. This means that it is the securest version to date and is therefore considered industry standard with all old versions being deemed obsolete.NNTP is the standard protocol for reading and posting Usenet submissions. The last update was in 2006 and this further improved the protocol and ensures that it stays the standard method of accessing newsgroups. This protocol is popular with the types of businesses that require access the news posting sites these are particularly popular with computing based businesses. The IMAP protocol is capable only reading and so is not a viable alternative.X.25 is a packet switching protocol that predates IP. It is still found in situations where an extremely reliable system is required such as EPOS systems that allow businesses to take debit and credit cards. It is also popular in the developing world where it the cheapest and most reliable method of connecting to the internet. It is much gradual than IP as it requires all of its packets to be received before moving the packets again.IP is the current industry standard packet switching method and was designed in 1981. It is a network level protocol that splits data into packets, addresses them and sends them forward. IP works closely with TCP to ensure that the data packets are received decent as it sends the packets without ensuring they are received. All other protocols will work through IP as it converts upper layer data into packets. IPv4 is the current version in use, but users are being encouraged to move towards IPv6 as it allows more addresses to be used.

Vygotskys Work on the Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotskys Work on the Zone of Proximal ontogenesiscritically evaluate the contribution of Vygotskys flow on the Zone of Proximal DevelopmentVygotskys original ideas on the relationship among kid nurture and stoping, leading to his supposition of the zone of proximal development, have become hugely influential in education and program line practice, spawning much seek in this field in untried-made years. It is important firstly, to situateVygotskys work alongside that of Pi ripent, whose theories have underpinned much of educational thinking and practice for m any decades. The impression of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) has loose up many new ideas, not only to the highest degree the nature of claw development itself, but to a fault about how children may be helped to learn more effectually within the classroom context. Researchers have studied work within the ZPD from a variety of perspectives and there be clearly contrasting views, emanating from Vygotskys work, about the nature of childrens t distributivelying and how it world power best be enhanced through the interrelationships amid children and adults and children and their friction matchs.Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist writing in the 1920s and early 1930s, presented a view of child development and development which was radically different from that of his contemporary, Piaget. Piagets work achieved recognition and subsequently became highly influential in the realm of education and precept practice. However, as highlighted by Schaffer (1996) and Faulkner and woodshead (1999), Vygotsky died in 1934 and his ideas became recognised only more recently, having been translated, during the 1960s and 1970s, into English from Russian.Vygotsky criticised Piagets basic smell that the developmental process begins in infancy with the child progressing through a stop consonant of relative egocentricity, eventually reaching a condition in which his or her thinking and behaviour becom e socialised. He suggests that this burn up precludes the notion that schooling may interpret a role in the course of development or maturation of those functions activated in the course of learning (Vygotsky, 1978, p.79). Whilst Piaget, then, essentially sawing machine the child as initially egocentric, only gradually becoming a social being, Vygotsky turned this view completely around, suggesting that even the youngest baby is profoundly social. In contrast to Piaget, Vygotsky believed that development moves from the social to the individual, the child progressively achieving self-aw beness and a capacity for reflection through his or her interaction with other(a)(a)s.Vygotsky, then, argued that interaction with others is critical for the childs achievement of mental maturity and individuality. He suggested further that this achievement depends upon interactions with those people, within the childs surroundings, who are more cap sufficient and advanced than the child. Pro cesses of interaction, through discussion and argument amongst the child and these others, become the basis for processes which take place within the child at an individual level (Faulkner and Woodhead, 1999). These notions form the basis of what Vygotsky has termed the zone of proximal development (ZPD). Vygotsky (1978) points out that it has been commonly unders besidesd that learning, and instruction, should be matched in some way to the childs developmental level. The teaching of reading, writing and arithmetic, for example, has been traditionalisticly initiated at a specific age level.However, match to Vygotsky, we should not limit ourselves except to determining developmental levels if we wish to discover the actual relations of the developmental process to learning capabilities (Faulkner and Woodhead, 1999a, p.11). Instead, he suggests that we mustiness take account of at least two developmental levels.Vygotsky acknowledged the existence of the actual developmental level which is the summation of a childs mental functions, as determined through the childs performance on a battery of tests or tasks at varying degrees of obstruction. He argues, however, that, through testing in this way, we tend to try on the level of the childs mental abilities according to those things that children screw do on their own. If the child is offered leading questions or is helped towards a solution in collaboration with other children, thereby perhaps just missing an independent solution to the problem, this is not regarded as evidence for his or her mental development (Vygotsky,1978). We have failed, then, according to Vygotsky, to recognise that what children fag do with the assistance of others could be even more indicative of their mental development than what they can do on their own.The zone of proximal development, then, constitutes those mental functions which are currently in an embryonic state but in the process of maturation. Vygotsky summarises this ide a thus the actual developmental level characterises mental development retrospectively, magic spell the zone of proximal development characterises mental development prospectively (Faulkner and Woodhead, 1999a, p.12). Vygotsky suggested, then, that if we were to seek to discover the maturing functions of a young child, his or her capabilities as shown in collaboration with others, we will be able to obtain an accurate picture of that childs future actual developmental level. In footing of classroom practice, instruction which aims for a new stage in the developmental process, rather than oriented towards learning which has already been mastered, is seen as ultimately more effective for the learning process. Vygotsky essentially argued that the relationship between learning and development is not straightforward with development following school learning in a linear way. Rather, the two processes tend to interact with each other continually in highly complex and dynamic ways (Vyg otsky, 1978).The Vygotskian concept of the zone of proximal development, along with others, such as scaffolding and guided participation, is central to the socio-cultural approach to development. Guided participation, for example, as outlined by Rogoff (1990), is rooted in the idea that cognitive, linguistic and social competencies are developed through childrens active participation in a variety of adult-guided activities. Meadows (1994) describes how the more expert person, whether adult or peer, provides a context or scaffolding within which the child may act as though he or she were able to solve the problem posed and, ultimately, indeed master the problem. The adult, for example, gradually leaves more for the child to do as he or she becomes more familiar with the task and is able to accomplish the whole task successfully and independently. Once the task, together with its associated cognitive competency, is achieved, the child is then able to develop and pass on these skills t o peers.Commentators such as Faulkner et al (1998) and King and ODonnell(1999) have highlighted that Vygotskys concept of ZPD has been commonly understood to imply that neither the task difficulty nor the guidance given to children should be too utmost in advance of their current level of ability. The research evidence, specially that presented by Tudge et al (1996) and Tharp and Gallimore (1998), for example, seems to be in general supportive of this observation.Schaffer (1996) expands on Vygotskys emphasis on the importance of the knowledgeable other for childrens learning and development. He highlights the distinction between vertical and horizontal (also known as asymmetrical and symmetrical) relationships, and the unique contribution that each kind of relationship makes to childrens development. Vertical relationships are those in which partners have unequal power and knowledge, such as that between adult and child or achild and older sibling. The equal status between peers in horizontalrelationships, as Schaffer points out, allows children the opportunityto acquire skills, such as those involving co-operation andcompetition, turn-taking, sharing and leadership qualities morein effect than might be possible through, say family relationshipswhich are not egalitarian in terms of knowledge and power.Many researchers focus on play as an important medium through whichyounger children develop skills in negotiating shared understandingswith each other. Pretend play, in particular, was seen by Vygotsky asproviding opportunities for children to explore role relationships andacquire social skills, perspectives and cultural roles that are far inadvance of their actual developmental level. Pretend play, thus,constitutes a good example of learning within the ZPD since childrenare constructing for themselves many possibilities for learning. Whenwe consider peer collaboration in general, whether inside or outsidethe classroom, the concept of prolepsis, first articula ted byRommetveit (1979), cited in Goncu (1998), has been identified as animportant mechanism through which children construct and communicateunderstandings with each other. gem (1993), for example, describesprolepsis as a communicative finesse whereby children take for grantedthat their partners share their knowledge and, therefore, will leaveimplicit some of the meaning embedded in that knowledge (cited inFaulkner and Woodhead, 1999). This, in turn, is said to motivatepartners to test out assumptions about each others meanings andunderstandings, creating a climate for intersubjectivity to develop.Schaffer (1996), however, points out that simply providing childrenwith appropriate experiences, whether in play or structured multitude workwithin the classroom, is insufficient for effective new learning totake place. In keeping with the concept of ZPD, Schaffer defineseffective tuition as teaching which elicits from the child performanceat a developmentally advanced level. Like Meado ws (1994) mentionedearlier, Wood (1988) and Schaffer (1996) also argue that effectiveteaching involves the gradual transfer of training of responsibility for masteringthe task in hand from adult to child, as the child is able to masterincreasingly complex aspects of that task. Although these lattertheorists focus upon adult-child tuition, these ideas could applyequally fountainhead to the transfer of skills and knowledge between childrenand their peers (Vygotsky, 1978).Vygotsky saw the ZPD as an essential feature of learning,maintaining that learning awakens a variety of internal developmentalprocesses that are able to operate only when the child is interactingwith people in his environment and in co-operation with his peers(1978, p.90). However, as Faulkner and Woodhead (1999) point out,children do not necessarily acquire communicative and social skillsfrom each other. Neither can it be assumed that effective learning isachieved by the strategies teachers use through discussion. I t seemsclear that, for example, in group situations the social dynamicsdictate that individuals tend to take on different roles. Someindividuals emerge as dominant or natural leaders some take on therole of mediator or critic or perhaps adopt a very passive stance. Itcannot be assumed, therefore, that even the most skilled tutor canensure that group discussion and interaction will create an effectivelearning space for each participant (Faulkner and Woodhead, 1999).Researchers such as Wood (1988) and Mercer (1995) have noted thatformal teaching and learning contexts are contrived encounters in thesense that, in contrast to informal, spontaneous gatherings, peoplehave to acquire specific ways of talking and behaving according toparticular ground rules. Edwards and Mercer (1987) have presented adetailed depth psychology of one common teaching strategy, defined as theinitiation-response-feedback (IRF) mode of exchange. In the IRF mode,the teacher initiates by posing a particular questio n or problemassociated with the topic of the lesson and pupils respond and aregiven feedback in terms of the rightness or wrongness of theiranswers. However, it is argued that this reduces learning into asomewhat sophisticated guessing game which renders children as passiverespondents, merely trying to search for the answers required of them,rather than as active participants, through perhaps posing questions oftheir own, in the learning process (Wood, 1988).Mercer (1995) explores this theme further in his analysis of classroomdiscourse and its role in knowledge creation. He describes how jointunderstandings and shared frames of reference between pupils andteachers are established in effective classroom discourse. The aims ofskilled teachers are seen as firstly, to orient students learningactivities to the formal curriculum, secondly, to co-construct with thestudents a shared understanding of educational knowledge and thirdly,to help students commit their learning to memory (Mercer , 1995). Inhis socio-cultural analysis of the teaching/learning process, Mercerhighlights the many ways in which teachers sustain classroom discourseby confirming, reformulating, repeating, elaborating, rejecting orignoring the contributions learners make to classroom discussions(Faulkner and Woodhead, 1999, p.84). Through his extensive experienceof classroom research across different societies, Mercer concludes thatsuch guidance strategies, although commonly used in schooled societies,are underpinned by certain common-sense assumptions about teachingand learning and may, therefore, be questioned and challenged.Mercer and Fisher (1998) argue that scaffolding, as a concept, isuseful for analysing how teachers may actively organise and supportchildrens learning when they in pairs or small groups. However, theymaintain that a focus upon learning within the ZPD is too narrowlyrestricted to the dyadic interactions between adults and children andis therefore less useful within the classr oom context. They suggestthat in terms of analysing the quality of teaching and learning inclassrooms, the ZPD seems to have limited applicability becausepractical circumstances force most teachers to plan activities on thescale of classes or groups, not individuals. The notion of any groupof learners having a common ZPD seems untenable(Mercer and Fisher,1998, p.127).Other researchers, however, such as gun moll and Whitmore (1998), haveargued that the ZPD concept can be useful in classroom contexts. Theysuggest that traditional conceptions of ZPD based on dyadicinteractions are, indeed, too narrow and do not account for thesocio-cultural dimensions of the classroom as a context for learning. moll and Whitmore (1998) use examples of childrens written work todemonstrate how one particular class teacher provided a series ofauthentic social contexts within which her bilingual students wereable to explore the myriad of oral and written conventions of theirlanguages. Moll and Whitmore (19 98), thus, suggest that it isunnecessary to view ZPD simply in terms of the characteristic of eachindividual child but that classrooms can accommodate collectiveZPDs. They redefine the ZPD as a zone where children can beencouraged to participate in collaborative activity within specificsocial (discourse) environments (Moll and Whitmore, 1998, p. 132).They conclude that classrooms should be viewed as socio-cultural systems where, over time, teachers and students build up a history of shared understandings and pay back new knowledge.The idea of creating shared meanings and joint understandings, whilst central to the socio-cultural approach to teaching and learning, has been queried in other circles. Stone (1998), for example, has been concerned to elaborate more precisely the mechanisms pertain in the process of intersubjectivity. He argues that the quality of the interpersonal relationship between teacher and learner is crucial for the quality of learning that takes place within th e classroom. Stone emphasises the importance of shared understanding between teacher and learner and observes that adults may not always be sensitive enough to the lack of understanding, particularly in younger children, of the pragmatic conventions apparent for effective communication and dialogue. He is particularly concerned to point out that shared understandings and commonly understood frames of reference between teacher and pupils do not occur instantly but take time to develop.The argument for longitudinal studies, such as the research by Moll and Whitmore (1998) mentioned earlier, is therefore a strong one since these provide a richer description over time of teacher/learner relationships than snapshot studies of isolated teaching and learning exchanges which can often produce a skewed and negative view of teachers competence.King and ODonnell (1999) point out that although Vygotsky himself focused more on the benefits of adult-child interactions rather than those of peer co llaborations, his theory has tremendous implications for our understanding of peer collaboration (p.40). Many researchers have explored the ways in which peer interaction impacts upon childrens learning, problem solving and cognitive development. Forman and Cazdan, for example, investigated how the argument strategies of collaborative problem solvers differ from those of solitary problem solvers (1998, p.192). They compared the performance of three pairs of 9 year old children working on a series of scientific reasoning tasks with the performance of three pairs of 9 year old children working alone on identical problems. They found that, when a Vygotskian perspective is adopted, children gained more rich social and linguistic experiences through working collaboratively on the tasks than through working alone on the same tasks.King and ODonnell (1999), along with Light and Littleton (1998),provide evidence that, in some circumstances, peer interaction does not promote individual cog nitive progress. Not all children work well together, and not all tasks are contributive to joint problem solving.King and ODonnell (1999), for example, argue that applying Vygotskys theory to collaborative problem-solving involves more than simply pairing a child with a more competent other and focusing on the interactions between them. They suggest that relying on the ZPD in terms of the interpersonal aspects of interaction is insufficient.What is required instead, according to King and ODonnell, is an interweaving of different aspects of development, involving the individual and the cultural-historical as well as the interpersonal(1999, p.40). They cite evidence which demonstrates that not all social interaction has beneficial effects and, under some conditions, collaboration can, in fact, have detrimental outcomes. Factors such as age, gender and ability level of the child and partner(s) and childrens motivation to collaborate can all affect the quality of learning outcome. The extent to which children are exposed to more sophisticated reasoning by a partner together with willingness to accept and use that reasoning can also play a key role. King and ODonnell, thus, note that individual and contextual factors interact and mutually affect each other (1999, p.46).King and ODonnell (1999) cite other research by Ellis and Rogoff(1982 1986) and Gauvin and Rogoff (1989) which provides support for the idea that a ZPD can be constructed with either an adult or a peer.However, they also point out that this research indicates that pairing with an adult has different consequences (often more beneficial) for childrens learning (King and ODonnell, 1999, p.50). Many researchers have explored the ways in which teachers can guide knowledge construction through promoting effective group work in the classroom. As mentioned earlier, children are apparent to need adult input if they are to work on collaborative tasks productively. Tharp and Gallimore (1998), for example, us e the concept of scaffolding to support their argument that individual self-determined competence in any area may be generated only after successful performance has been achieved by assisted learning in the childs ZPD. They characterise the ZPD not as a distinct, discrete growing point for an individual child but rather as a complex array of growing edges involving all areas of developing competence. They describe in some detail how the adult assistance provided between parent and child is not a linear, step-like procedure but an ongoing process involving a myriad of reciprocal interactions which reflect, monitor and adjust to the childs learning needs at any given time. Tharp and Gallimore argue that attempts by assisting adults to assess a childs readiness for greater responsibility (in the mastery of a task) often are subtle and embedded in the ongoing interaction (1998, p.105).One example of teaching as assisted performance through the ZPD, as delineated by Tharp and Gallimore ( 1998), is the study by Baker-Sennett et al (1998) which explored the relationship between group collaborative processes and the nature of childrens creativity. This study includes a fascinating account of the ways in which the ideas, planning and organisation of a play based on a fairy tale by one group of six girls, aged between seven and nine, changed over a period of one month. The role of the class teacher in structuring the task for her pupils was also discussed. The ways in which this teacher encourages the girls to reflect upon and address the interpersonal dilemmas they encounter are also illuminated in the research report. Baker-Sennett et al (1998) draw out the evidence in the study for the girls movement, collectively, through parallel interpersonal zones as well as literary, fictive zones.Tharp and Gallimore (1998) suggest, however, that the kind of assisted performance commonly evident, and successful, in the interactions of parents and children is rarely found in teac her/student relationships within the classroom. The assistor, if he or she is to work effectively within the ZPD, must remain in close touch with the learners relationship to the task. In short, it seems that commonly in the classroom, there are too many children for each teacher and not enough time available for working closely enough with the ZPD. As Tharp and Gallimore observe, public education is not likely to reorganise into classrooms of seven pupils each (1998, p.107). They do remain optimistic, however, suggesting that small group collaborative working, promoted through innovative instructional practices, together with the increasing use of new materials and technology could create the conditions for assisted performance to flourish in the future.In conclusion, then, Vygotskys work on the zone of proximal development, and its associated concepts of scaffolding and guided participation, has stimulated thinking and research about the nature of child development itself, its rel ationship to childrens learning and the implications for classroom practice. It seems clear that there are contrasting views on the ways in which children relate to the knowledgeable other, the nature and value of peer collaboration, the nature and extent of adult-assisted learning and the implications of all this for the quality of learning achievable. As Tharp and Gallimore (1998), King and ODonnell (1999) and others argue, it seems that working effectively with the ZPD must take account of not only individual factors and immediate interpersonal interactions between children, adults and peers, but also the myriad of cultural-historical influences upon children and adults. This undoubtedly presents a challenge in terms of current constraints on classroom size and organisation in public education. 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